Spanish Unit 1 Review
Regular Preterite Forms: -AR Verbs
Ex.
Hablar→
Yo Hablé nosotros hablamos
Tú hablaste vosotros hablasteis
Él, ella, usted habló ellos, ellas, ustedes hablaron
-AR Verbs with Spelling Changes
In yo form, verbs that end with -car, -gar, and -zar have a change.
Ex. -car→ Sacar→ Saqué
Ex. -gar→ Jugar→ jugué
Ex. -zar→ Almorzar→ almorcé
Regular Preterite Forms: -IR and -ER Verbs
Ex. Comer→
Yo comí Nosotros comimos
Tú comiste Vosotros comisteis
Él, ella, usted comió Ellos, ellas, ustedes comieron
-IR/ER Verbs with Spelling Changes
There are spelling changes with certain -er and -ir verbs (leer, creer, and caer). This is because in the third person form, you cannot have three vowels next to each other, and if there is an unaccented i in the middle, then that means you change it to a y.
Leer- to read
El, ella, and usted→ leió→ leyó ellos, ellas, ustedes→ leieron→ leyeron
Irregular Preterites: Ir, Ser, and Dar
Ser→ To Read/ Ir→ To Go
Yo fui Nosotros fuimos
Tú fuiste Vosotros fuisteis
Él, ella, usted fue Ellos, ellas, ustedes fueron
Dar → To Give
Yo di Nosotros dimos
Tú diste Vosotros disteis
Él, ella, usted dio Ellos, ellas, ustedes dieron
Ver→ To See
Yo vi Nosotros vimos
Tú viste Vosotros visteis
Él, ella, usted vio Ellos, ellas, ustedes vieron
There are no accent marks on these forms because it is not necessary. This is because the forms of the first person singular (yo) and the third person singular (él / ella / usted) have only one syllable and therefore do not need an accent mark to indicate a stressed syllable.
Irregular Preterites: Strong Preterites
Irregular Preterite Verb Endings→ New Stems with the Verb
Yo: -e Nosotros: -imos
Tú: -iste Vosotros: -isteis
Él, ella, and usted: -o Ellos: -ieron
Infinitive Preterite Stem→ Dont require any accent marks
Tener (to have) —> tuv
Estar (to be) → estuv
Saber (to know) → sup
Poner (to put) → pus
Querer (to want) → quis
Hacer (to do) → hic
Decir (to say) → dij
Gustar and Verbs Like Gustar
Gustar means to be pleasing to, not to like. The thing that is pleasing (the thing that is liked) is the subject of the Spanish sentence, and the person who is doing the liking is the indirect object in the Spanish sentence.
Ex. Me gustan los verbos→ Verbs and pleasing to me
Indirect Object Pronouns
me → to me → a mí
te → to you (informal) → a ti
le → to him/her/you (formal) → a él/ella/usted
nos → to us → a nosotros
os → to you (informal plural) → a vosotros
les → to them/to you (formal + plural) → a ellos/ellas/ustedes
Ex. Me gustan los gatos.
A mi padre le gusta el béisbol.
Les gusta el arroz.
Verbs that function just like gustar:
Faltar (to be lacking)
Doler (to hurt)
Quedar (to remain/stay)
Encantar (to enchant/love)
Tocar (to touch/ to be ones turn)
Molestar (to bother)
Parecer (to seem)
Preterite Tense of Gustar:
Gusta→ Gustó
Gustan→ Gustaron
Meanings of Por
Uses of Por
means of transportation/communication→ translates to by/on
Period of time or how long something takes→ translates to for
Movement around or through a place→ translates to around/along/through
Approximate time (in the morning, evening, night)--> translates to in/at
Cause or reason for an action→ translates to because of/due to
In exchange for→ translates to for
Idiomatic Expressions:
Por supuesto: of course
Por favor: please
Por cierto: by the way
Por ejemplo: for example
Por qué: why
Negative Words
Affirmative Negative
Alguien: someone - Nadie: no one
Algo: something - Nada: nothing
Siempre: always - Nunca: never
Un….un: a…a - ni….ni: neither….nor
También: also - tampoco: neither
When a negative word follows the verb, no must precede the verb (double negative). In the case of nunca and tampoco (adverbial forms), they may precede the verb, overtaking the no.
Ex. No estudié nunca. Nunca estudié.
Ex. No quiero estudiar tampoco. Tampoco quiero estudiar
Ex. Quieres comer algo?--> No, gracias, no quiero nada
Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out specific things or people. They describe where something or someone is in relation to the person speaking.
Demonstrative Adjectives→ Single Form
Masculine Singular Feminine Singular English
Este actor Esta actriz this…
Ese actor esa actriz that…
Aquel actor aquella actriz that.. (over there)
Demonstrative Adjectives→ Single Form
Masculine Plural Feminine Plural English
Estos actores Estas actrices these…
Esos actores esas actrices those…
Aquellos actores Aquellas actrices those… (over there)
11. Making Comparisons
The following formula is used to compare people, places, or things that are not the same:
Más or menos + (adjective/adverb) + que
Ex. Michael Jordan es más alto que Danny DiVito.
There are 4 irregular forms that do not use más or menos.
mejor/mejores → better
peor/peores→ worse
mayor/mayores→ older
menor/menores→ younger
Ex. La comida mexicana es mejor que la comida china.
Los cuentos de ese autor son peores que sus poemas.
When we are talking about people, places, or things that are the same we use the following formulas:
Tan + (adjective/adverb) + como
Tanto / tantos / tanta / tantas + (noun) + como
What is the difference between the two formulas? When do we use tan and forms of tantos in a Spanish sentence?
Tan is used with an adjective or adverb
Ex. Brad Pitt as tan guapo como Johnny Depp.
Ex. Tú eres tan alto como yo.
Tanto must agree in number and gender with the noun that follows (used when it is alone or precedes a noun)
Ex. Juan tiene tantas camisas como Pablo. Juan has as many shirts as Pablo.
Ex. Bill Gates tiene tanto dinero como Donald Trump. Bill Gates has as much money as Donald Trump.
12. Ser and Estar
Ser:
Used with adjectives to describe characteristics
Ex. La novela es larga pero muy buena.
Used with nouns that identify people/things
Ex. Don Quijote fue la primera novela en la historia de la literatura española.
Used with de to indication possession
Ex. Esa revista es del Sr. Pérez.
Used to indicate origin with de
Ex. Soy de México.
Estar:
Used with adjectives that describe feelings/conditions (sunny/cold)
Ex. El autor está enojado por la crítica de su libro.
Used to indicate location of a person/place/thing
Ex. ¿Dónde estuviste anoche? Madrid está en España.