Argumentative Writing Techniques

Learning Competency

• Use various informative, persuasive, and argumentative writing techniques.

Review Questions

• Purpose of a Claim:

  • A claim shows which side of the argument the writer or speaker is on (Answer: b).

• Examples of Credible Sources:

  • Scientific magazines or published articles.

  • National Geographic, NASA, Time, Forbes, WWF (Answers: a and d).

• Components of an Argumentative Essay:

  • Using textual evidence and stating a counterclaim on rebuttal (Answers: c and d).

• Supporting a Claim:

  • Use a reason to support a claim (Answer: a).

• Beginning of an Argument:

  • Every argument begins with a claim (Answer: a).

• Purpose of Persuasion:

  • To influence someone to do or believe something (Answer: b).

Argumentative Essay Overview

• Definition:

  • Argumentative writing aims to convince the reader about a stance on a debatable issue.

• Difference from Persuasive Writing:

  • While both may share techniques, argumentative writing is often more formal and fact-based.

  • Focuses on logical argumentation rather than solely emotional appeal.

• Controversial Issues:

  • At the heart of an argumentative essay.

Techniques of Argumentation

• Analogy:

  • A comparison between two things that highlights similarities in order to explain a principle or idea.

  • Examples:

    • Comparing the universe to a watch to argue for the existence of a creator.

    • Stating life might exist on Europa due to its atmosphere similar to Earth.

    • Skin cancer in mice can indicate smoking causes lung cancer in humans due to similar biological mechanisms.

  • Caution: Avoid false analogies, as they can mislead arguments (e.g., comparing using a computer without training to driving a car without a license).

• Comparison and Contrast:

  • Presents similarities and/or differences to illustrate a point.

  • Useful for showing the benefits of one opinion over another.

  • Example: Comparing investment benefits in the countryside versus big cities.

• Definition:

  • Clarifies meanings of terms or concepts related to the argument to build a clear foundation for discussion.

  • Examples of Definition Arguments:

    • Examining birth control options in health care discussions.

    • Defining organic foods to argue for their benefits.

• Analysis:

  • Involves breaking down arguments to evaluate their validity and relationships between parts.

  • Ask critical questions based on presented evidence.

  • Often used to counter opposing claims effectively.

  • Example: Analysis of the use of the Internet in education to challenge opposing viewpoints.

Example Argument

• Claim: Every citizen should have access to free universal health care.

  • Support: Access allows patients to focus on health rather than insurance (emphasizes patient care).

• Opposing Claim: Universal health care may be impractical leading to higher costs, reduced doctor flexibility, and unfair subsidies.

  • Evidence: Government restrictions can hinder profitability and sustainability in care.

Educational Editorial Example: Language Advantage

• Main Topic: Proficiency in the English language among Filipinos.

• Main Claim: Decline in proficiency due to bilingual education policies leading to potential loss of language advantage.

• Techniques Used:

  • Contrast between past proficiency and current struggles.

  • Analysis of educational policies affecting language skills.

• Conclusion: Reinforces the importance of maintaining language proficiency for global competitiveness.

  • Challenge for Government: Develop strategies to regain language advantage.

Final Tips for Strong Claims

• Utilize the techniques of argumentation: analogy, comparison and contrast, definition, analysis.

Conclusion

• Remind students to continue expanding their knowledge through various resources and experiences.