Psych 240 Exam 5

Chapter 12: 

• Social exchange theory: human interactions are transactional; maximize reward minimize cost

  • External: physical item

  • Internal: feels good, boosts self worth 

• Altruism: a motive to help others with regard for self interest  

  • View distress; empathy; want to reduce stress; help

• Egoism: view distress; become upset; do something to stop distress; help

• The reciprocity norm: expectation people will help those who help them  

• The social-responsibility norm: people will help those in need 

  • Reciprocity anxiety: feeling bad when others help you without repay

• Social capital: networks, relationships and norms of trust and reciprocity 

• Kin selection: evolution selected altruism towards close relatives; enhances the survival of mutually shared genes 

• Empathy: the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings 

• Bystander effect: people are less likely to help a victim when other people are present 

• Darley and Latané’s helping decision tree: Notice the event; Interpret it as an emergency; Assume responsibility; Know how to help; Decide to help

• Illusion of transparency: we think our emotions are are more obvious than they actually are 

• Darley and Batson's (1973): shows being in a hurry significant reduces the likelihood of helping someone in need 

• Overjustification effect: an external reward reduces a person’s intrinsic motivation 

• Private guilt: internal discomfort when you think youtube violated your own moral standards 

• Public guilt: discomfort based on how others perceive your actions 

• Pluralistic ignorance: misinterpreting others behavior and assume no one else thinks a situation is an emergency, so they also don't act 

• Social dilemma: self interest is at odds with the collective good 

• Zero-sum game: one person’s gain is another person’s loss 

• Equitable relationship: both partners feel they are giving equally 

Chapter 13 

• Peace: a condition with low levels of hostility/aggression and beneficial relations 

• Social trap: conflicting parties pursuing their self interest

  • The prisoner’s dilemma: 2 suspects, both guilty, separated, incentive to confess but will harm the other

  • Tragedy of the commons: individual consumes more than their share

    • Ex: toilet paper during covid 

• Fundamental attribution error: explain behavior situationally; others dispositionally 

• Misperception: People in conflict create distorted images of one another (self serving bias, groupthink, preconceptions, etc)

  • Mirror-image perception: reciprocal view of each other held by conflicting parties 

  • Conflict: causes increased hostilities 

    • Realistic conflict theory

    • Perceived injustice: monkey with cucumber vs grapes

    • Illusion: enemy’s leader is evil; other people are pro us

    • Tension: lack of rational thinking (overreliance of stereotypes) 

• Contact: proximity boosts liking; attitudes follow behavior (event indirect contact)

  • Reduces anxiety, increases empathy, humanizes others 

• Cooperation: common goals breed unity

  • Need to complete common goal; common external threat 

• Communication

  • Bargaining: seeing an agreement thru direct negotiations

  • Mediation: neutral third party to facilitate community 

  • Trust is a key factor 

Chapter 14

• Clinical psych: the study, assessment, and treatment of psychological difficulties 

• Invisible gorillas: shows errors in human perception; don't look for something, don't see it

• Illusory correlations: expect 2 things to be associated see correlation; search for behavior that confirms diagnosis 

• Depression: think negative thoughts, magnifying bad experiences 

  • Depressive realism: mild depression makes more accurate self judgment

• Loneliness: our social relationships are less meaningful as desired; sends signal to our brain to seek social connection 

• Anxiety and Shyness: self conscious and worry about what others think; tend to over personalize situations

• Hassles: too many things to do; high standards

• Uplifts: being visited; laughing 

• Contact Hypothesis: intergroup contact under certain conditions increases empathy and improves attitudes 

• Osgood (1980):  strategy for de-escalating conflict 

• Shifting perceptions: reframing the conflict

• Jigsaw classroom: reduces prejudice; students work in diverse groups 

• Brodt and Zimbardo (1981): stress increases vulnerability to illness