Presented by: Group 1 - BSEE 4A
MODULE 1
HISTORY OF MATERIAL ORIGIN
OVERVIEW OF MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Stone Age (~2.5M BCE - 3000 BCE)
Bronze Age (~3000 BCE - 1200 BCE)
Iron Age (~1200 BCE - 500 CE)
Middle Ages (500 CE - 1500 CE)
Industrial Revolution (1700 - 1900 CE)
Early 20th Century (~1900 - 1950 CE)
Mid 20th Century (~1950 - 1980 CE)
Late 20th Century (~1980 - 2000 CE)
21st Century (2000 - Present)
Stone Age: Natural materials such as stone, wood, bone, clay; Early tools and pottery development.
Bronze Age: Discovery of bronze (Copper + Tin), stronger tools and weapons.
Iron Age: Introduction of iron smelting; improved durability with iron and steel tools.
Middle Ages: Advancements in ceramics and metallurgy; introduction of glass and porcelain.
Industrial Revolution: Mass production; discovery of vulcanized rubber and aluminum.
Early to Late 20th Century: Development of synthetic polymers (Bakelite); advanced metal alloys.
21st Century: Innovations in smart materials (shape-memory alloys, graphene) and biomaterials.
Material Sciences: Study of internal structure, properties, and processing of materials.
Engineering Materials: Application of material knowledge to create products for society.
Basic Knowledge of structure, properties, processing, performance --> Resultant Applied Knowledge for product development.
**Types of Materials: **
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Composites
Ferrous: Containing iron (e.g., Steel, Cast Iron).
Non-Ferrous: Metals like copper, aluminum without significant iron content.
Long molecular chains; classify as Thermoplastics or Thermosets.
Properties: Low density, poor conductors of electricity.
Inorganic materials, strong ionic and covalent bonding; high hardness but brittle.
Mixtures of two or more materials; enhance mechanical properties for specific applications.
Physical Properties: Density, hardness, thermal and electrical conductivity, melting and boiling points, etc.
Chemical Properties: Corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and chemical stability.
Mechanical Properties: Strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, elasticity, etc.
Electrical Properties: Electrical conductivity and resistivity.
Thermal Properties: Thermal conductivity, expansion, melting point.
Definition: Engineered materials with superior properties for high-performance applications in various industries.
Nanomaterials: Unique properties due to size and high surface area; applications in energy (solar cells, batteries).
Smart Materials: Respond to stimuli; shape-memory alloys used in self-healing concretes.
Composites: Lightweight structures in aerospace; high-strength automotive parts.
Biomaterials: Interaction with biological systems; tissue engineering and implants.
High-Performance Alloys: Withstand extreme conditions; used in turbine engines.
Energy Materials: Specialized for energy production and storage.
Definition: Materials that adapt and self-repair for applications in space travel, AI development, medicine, and sustainable energy.
Self-Healing Materials: Repair themselves to extend lifespan.
Metamaterials: Manipulate waves for advanced applications.
Quantum Materials: Instant state-switching for quantum computing.
Programmable Materials: Change properties on command.
Backbone of current technology, focused on performance, durability, and sustainability.
Advanced Polymers: High strength and heat resistance; biodegradable options available.
Biodegradable Plastics: Used in sustainable applications such as medical sutures.
Definition: Deviations from ordered arrangements of particles.
Point Defects: Zero-dimensional; stable energy states.
Line Defects: Dislocations causing plastic deformation.
Interfacial Defects: Two-dimensional imperfections in crystalline solids.
Bulk Defects: Introduced during processing; impact mechanical properties.
Atoms vibrate, causing melting at high temperatures; the state defined by vibrational activity.
Thank you for your attention!