Material-Science-Engineering-Module-1-3

MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

• Presented by: Group 1 - BSEE 4A

MODULE CONTENTS

• MODULE 1

  • HISTORY OF MATERIAL ORIGIN

  • OVERVIEW OF MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

  • CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

HISTORY OF MATERIAL ORIGIN

Time Periods

• Stone Age (~2.5M BCE - 3000 BCE)

• Bronze Age (~3000 BCE - 1200 BCE)

• Iron Age (~1200 BCE - 500 CE)

• Middle Ages (500 CE - 1500 CE)

• Industrial Revolution (1700 - 1900 CE)

• Early 20th Century (~1900 - 1950 CE)

• Mid 20th Century (~1950 - 1980 CE)

• Late 20th Century (~1980 - 2000 CE)

• 21st Century (2000 - Present)

Developments Through Ages

• Stone Age: Natural materials such as stone, wood, bone, clay; Early tools and pottery development.

• Bronze Age: Discovery of bronze (Copper + Tin), stronger tools and weapons.

• Iron Age: Introduction of iron smelting; improved durability with iron and steel tools.

• Middle Ages: Advancements in ceramics and metallurgy; introduction of glass and porcelain.

• Industrial Revolution: Mass production; discovery of vulcanized rubber and aluminum.

• Early to Late 20th Century: Development of synthetic polymers (Bakelite); advanced metal alloys.

• 21st Century: Innovations in smart materials (shape-memory alloys, graphene) and biomaterials.

MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

• Material Sciences: Study of internal structure, properties, and processing of materials.

• Engineering Materials: Application of material knowledge to create products for society.

Material Sciences vs Engineering Materials

• Basic Knowledge of structure, properties, processing, performance --> Resultant Applied Knowledge for product development.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

• **Types of Materials: **

  • Metals

  • Polymers

  • Ceramics

  • Composites

METALS

• Ferrous: Containing iron (e.g., Steel, Cast Iron).

• Non-Ferrous: Metals like copper, aluminum without significant iron content.

POLYMERIC MATERIALS

• Long molecular chains; classify as Thermoplastics or Thermosets.

• Properties: Low density, poor conductors of electricity.

CERAMIC MATERIALS

• Inorganic materials, strong ionic and covalent bonding; high hardness but brittle.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• Mixtures of two or more materials; enhance mechanical properties for specific applications.

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

TYPES OF PROPERTIES

• Physical Properties: Density, hardness, thermal and electrical conductivity, melting and boiling points, etc.

• Chemical Properties: Corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and chemical stability.

• Mechanical Properties: Strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, elasticity, etc.

• Electrical Properties: Electrical conductivity and resistivity.

• Thermal Properties: Thermal conductivity, expansion, melting point.

ADVANCED MATERIALS

• Definition: Engineered materials with superior properties for high-performance applications in various industries.

TYPES OF ADVANCED MATERIALS

1. Nanomaterials: Unique properties due to size and high surface area; applications in energy (solar cells, batteries).

2. Smart Materials: Respond to stimuli; shape-memory alloys used in self-healing concretes.

3. Composites: Lightweight structures in aerospace; high-strength automotive parts.

4. Biomaterials: Interaction with biological systems; tissue engineering and implants.

5. High-Performance Alloys: Withstand extreme conditions; used in turbine engines.

6. Energy Materials: Specialized for energy production and storage.

FUTURE MATERIALS

• Definition: Materials that adapt and self-repair for applications in space travel, AI development, medicine, and sustainable energy.

TYPES OF FUTURE MATERIALS

1. Self-Healing Materials: Repair themselves to extend lifespan.

2. Metamaterials: Manipulate waves for advanced applications.

3. Quantum Materials: Instant state-switching for quantum computing.

4. Programmable Materials: Change properties on command.

MODERN MATERIALS

• Backbone of current technology, focused on performance, durability, and sustainability.

TYPES OF MODERN MATERIALS

1. Advanced Polymers: High strength and heat resistance; biodegradable options available.

2. Biodegradable Plastics: Used in sustainable applications such as medical sutures.

IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS

• Definition: Deviations from ordered arrangements of particles.

TYPES OF DEFECTS

1. Point Defects: Zero-dimensional; stable energy states.

2. Line Defects: Dislocations causing plastic deformation.

3. Interfacial Defects: Two-dimensional imperfections in crystalline solids.

4. Bulk Defects: Introduced during processing; impact mechanical properties.

ATOMIC VIBRATIONS

• Atoms vibrate, causing melting at high temperatures; the state defined by vibrational activity.

Thank you for your attention!