Material-Science-Engineering-Module-1-3

MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

  • Presented by: Group 1 - BSEE 4A

MODULE CONTENTS

  • MODULE 1

    • HISTORY OF MATERIAL ORIGIN

    • OVERVIEW OF MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

    • CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

HISTORY OF MATERIAL ORIGIN

Time Periods

  • Stone Age (~2.5M BCE - 3000 BCE)

  • Bronze Age (~3000 BCE - 1200 BCE)

  • Iron Age (~1200 BCE - 500 CE)

  • Middle Ages (500 CE - 1500 CE)

  • Industrial Revolution (1700 - 1900 CE)

  • Early 20th Century (~1900 - 1950 CE)

  • Mid 20th Century (~1950 - 1980 CE)

  • Late 20th Century (~1980 - 2000 CE)

  • 21st Century (2000 - Present)

Developments Through Ages

  • Stone Age: Natural materials such as stone, wood, bone, clay; Early tools and pottery development.

  • Bronze Age: Discovery of bronze (Copper + Tin), stronger tools and weapons.

  • Iron Age: Introduction of iron smelting; improved durability with iron and steel tools.

  • Middle Ages: Advancements in ceramics and metallurgy; introduction of glass and porcelain.

  • Industrial Revolution: Mass production; discovery of vulcanized rubber and aluminum.

  • Early to Late 20th Century: Development of synthetic polymers (Bakelite); advanced metal alloys.

  • 21st Century: Innovations in smart materials (shape-memory alloys, graphene) and biomaterials.

MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

  • Material Sciences: Study of internal structure, properties, and processing of materials.

  • Engineering Materials: Application of material knowledge to create products for society.

Material Sciences vs Engineering Materials

  • Basic Knowledge of structure, properties, processing, performance --> Resultant Applied Knowledge for product development.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

  • **Types of Materials: **

    • Metals

    • Polymers

    • Ceramics

    • Composites

METALS

  • Ferrous: Containing iron (e.g., Steel, Cast Iron).

  • Non-Ferrous: Metals like copper, aluminum without significant iron content.

POLYMERIC MATERIALS

  • Long molecular chains; classify as Thermoplastics or Thermosets.

  • Properties: Low density, poor conductors of electricity.

CERAMIC MATERIALS

  • Inorganic materials, strong ionic and covalent bonding; high hardness but brittle.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

  • Mixtures of two or more materials; enhance mechanical properties for specific applications.

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

TYPES OF PROPERTIES

  • Physical Properties: Density, hardness, thermal and electrical conductivity, melting and boiling points, etc.

  • Chemical Properties: Corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and chemical stability.

  • Mechanical Properties: Strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, elasticity, etc.

  • Electrical Properties: Electrical conductivity and resistivity.

  • Thermal Properties: Thermal conductivity, expansion, melting point.

ADVANCED MATERIALS

  • Definition: Engineered materials with superior properties for high-performance applications in various industries.

TYPES OF ADVANCED MATERIALS

  1. Nanomaterials: Unique properties due to size and high surface area; applications in energy (solar cells, batteries).

  2. Smart Materials: Respond to stimuli; shape-memory alloys used in self-healing concretes.

  3. Composites: Lightweight structures in aerospace; high-strength automotive parts.

  4. Biomaterials: Interaction with biological systems; tissue engineering and implants.

  5. High-Performance Alloys: Withstand extreme conditions; used in turbine engines.

  6. Energy Materials: Specialized for energy production and storage.

FUTURE MATERIALS

  • Definition: Materials that adapt and self-repair for applications in space travel, AI development, medicine, and sustainable energy.

TYPES OF FUTURE MATERIALS

  1. Self-Healing Materials: Repair themselves to extend lifespan.

  2. Metamaterials: Manipulate waves for advanced applications.

  3. Quantum Materials: Instant state-switching for quantum computing.

  4. Programmable Materials: Change properties on command.

MODERN MATERIALS

  • Backbone of current technology, focused on performance, durability, and sustainability.

TYPES OF MODERN MATERIALS

  1. Advanced Polymers: High strength and heat resistance; biodegradable options available.

  2. Biodegradable Plastics: Used in sustainable applications such as medical sutures.

IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS

  • Definition: Deviations from ordered arrangements of particles.

TYPES OF DEFECTS

  1. Point Defects: Zero-dimensional; stable energy states.

  2. Line Defects: Dislocations causing plastic deformation.

  3. Interfacial Defects: Two-dimensional imperfections in crystalline solids.

  4. Bulk Defects: Introduced during processing; impact mechanical properties.

ATOMIC VIBRATIONS

  • Atoms vibrate, causing melting at high temperatures; the state defined by vibrational activity.


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