The Chiropractic Paradigm

• Six types of chiropractic practitioners

  • Those who primarily perform a musculoskeletal diagnostic work up and use adjustment as their sole intervention

  • Those who primarily perform a musculoskeletal diagnostic work up and use adjustments along with exercise, dietary recommendations, rehabilitation, other adjunctive procedures, and nay combination

  • Those who perform no diagnosis beyond the analysis of spinal subluxations and use adjustments as their sole intervention

  • Those who perform a broad diagnostic work up, including the musculoskeletal and other systems, and practice as musculoskeletal specialists, using adjustments and various adjunctive procedures primarily for treating musculoskeletal disorders

  • Those who perform a broad diagnostic work up, including the musculoskeletal and other systems, and practice as complementary care generalist, using adjustments and adjunctive procedures with a strong emphasis on nutritional therapy, including supplements for treating disease

  • Those who limit their practice to diagnosis, specifically diagnostic imaging (chiropractic radiologists) and who serve as consulting specialists

Three kinds of care providers:

• primary care= responsible for the work up and the care, but can direct the care

• Secondary care= cannot see patient without a recommendation or primary order. Have one on one encounter with patient for a specific reason (like PT, imaging, blood work, etc)

• Tertiary care= cannot see patient usually without a referral from primary. Provide care to patient based upon what the primary had referred them for

History of Chiropractic education ppt

Education can be divided into 4 different time periods

• tutorial= 1897-1905

• Classical= 1906-1924

• Proprietary= 1924-1960

• Professional= 1960-present

Tutorial Period:

• DD Palmer stated the Tutorial period by teaching Chiropractic beginning in 1897.

  • his first 2 students were: William Seeley and AP Davis

• Schooling was 3 months

• all diplomas stated the students could practice and teach Chiropractic

• All 17 of DD’s first students established their own schools

• Solon Langworthy’s school “American School and Home Health of Chiropractic” was the second chiropractic school to open in 1903

  • Langworthy’s school was 6 months

Classical Period:

• was marked by an explosion of the number of educational institutions and the number of students per institution

• Programs went up from 3 months to 6 months, to 1 year, to 3 years, all depending on the institution

• from 1906-1924, the number of schools went from 17 to 64

• Palmer school did 2 degrees 1904-1909

  • 9 months was just chiropractor

  • Then came back after practicing for a short time, to attend school for 3 more months to earn Doctor of Chiropractic

• 1906 - Carver-Denny Kiropractic college

  • 3-year program

    • each school year was only 6 months long to accommodate the farming seasons

  • became the leader in scientific chiropractic

  • Eventually merged with Logan in 1958

  • Carver added instruction on breathing, proper foods, exercise and bathing to the cirriculum

  • After 2 years, Denny sold his share, and the name changed to Carver Chiropractic College

  • First to perform a side-posture adjustment = Dr Denny

    • Also started adjusting more than just spine

    • Started adjusting small children with hydrocephaly

    • promoted the concept of “pre-stress” or taking out the slack before thrusting

• 1907 - multiple chiropractic colleges in Oklahoma City

  • Carver-Denny

  • Palmer-Gregory

  • Oklahoma Institute of Chiropractic

  • Oklahoma Chiropractic School

  • University of Chiropractic

  • Temple of Knowledge

• Poseology= known as doctor position and patient positioning (Carver)

• Relatology= one structure related to another

• Adjustology= The study and practice of the art of adjusting

• Aerotology= the study of proper breathing techniques

• Palpatology= the study and practice of the art of palpation

• John FA Howard opened National School of Chiropractic (1906) with DD’s blessing in Palmer’s former building (Ryan building) before moving it to Chicago 2 years later.

• 1908 - Cadavers introduced in chiropractic

• 1910- Howard added Schulze and Forster to his school

  • eventually, Schulze bought out Howard and became National’s second president, changing the name to “National College of Chiropractic” in 1919

• NSC offered “correspondence training”

  • American University in Chicago would issue “mail-order diplomas” until 1935

  • This brought shame to the Chiropractic profession for decades

• Schulze moved his school to a bigger campus to become the largest Chiropractic school in the nation

  • This was the campus for 43 years

• Dr Mabel Heath Palmer graduated from PSC in 1904

  • she went on to attend Rush Medical College in Chicago, completing a 1-year program in Anatomy

  • She returned to PSC to teach anatomy for 40 years

  • She wrote “Chiropractic Anatomy” in 1923

• Abraham Flexner evaluated medical education- hired by the Carnegie Foundation

  • Flexner’s 1910 report on the deplorable state of formal medical education sparked major reform, resulting in the closure of over half of the medical educational institutions in the US

• By 1924 PSC was the largest healing arts education institutes in the US

  • over 3,000 students

  • curriculum was now 18 months

Proprietary Period:

• 1924- BJ Palmer introduced the Neurocalometer at the annual Lyceum

  • rented it to chiropractors for $2,200

  • Palmer’s insistence on this device split the chiropractic profession in half, and it never totally recovered

• PSC enrollment dropped from 3,000 to under 300 students

• in 1928 there were 128 schools in the US

• The Great Depression hit, and number of schools and enrollment dropped

• Several of the surviving schools branched out and started offering other subjects

  • Carver College offered Physiological therapeutics

• Firth, Vedder and Burich resigned from PSC due to a loss of academic freedom caused by the Neurocalometer

  • they were joined by Hendricks to form Lincoln College in 1926

  • it merged with National College of Chiropractic in 1970

• National Chiropractic Association formed in 1930

  • a merger between the old Universal Chiropractor’s Association and the second ACA

• 125 Chiro education institutions in 1920’s

  • All but a few were owned by the President of the school

• HB Logan= new unique structural approach to chiropractic

  • He was a great speaker

  • He gathered a small group of DCs to teach his system, and they crisscrossed the US

  • Everyone that learned this new system encouraged HB Logan to start his own school

  • Original school was on 4490 Lindell Blvd in St Louis, MO in 1935

  • 4-year course, 9 months per year

  • Longest curriculum at the time in the profession at the time

• John Nugent was the Director of Education of the NCA

  • He (along with the Council on Education) urged smaller schools to merge with larger ones or to close their doors

  • He also called for the ending of private ownership of schools

  • Was called the “Abraham Flexner of Chiropractic”

  • BJ Palmer didn’t like him and called him the “antichrist of Chiropractic”

• WWII had a huge decrease in enrollment due to the Draft

• due to WWII and the CoE pressures, number of schools dropped from 82 to 22 from 1925 to 1960

• GI Bill caused a huge bump in enrollment

  • this was because it not only paid for tuition, but also books and rent

• 1952 Dr Vinton Logan, Carl Cleveland, and Paul Parr formed the “North American Association of Chiropractic Schools and Colleges” (NAACSC)

• NAACSC was formed to fight the perceived autocracy of John Nugent

• Soon the International Chiropractors’ Association (ICA) formed its own council of Education

• The major colleges lined up to be accredited by either the NCA or the ICA

• Depending on its affiliation, a school’s graduates could practice only in those states that recognized one or the other national organization.

  • Some states would not recognize your degree if your school wasn’t associated with that organization

Professional Period:

• sudden death of BJ Palmer (ICA President) and Vinton Logan (ICA VP) in 1961

  • also, retirement of John Nugent in the same year

• NCA merger with ICA in a hotel in Denver in 1963, forming American Chiropractic Association

• Nation board of chiropractic examiners was formed right after in 1963.

  • This allowed graduates to be licensed as DCs regardless of which school they graduated from. The first test was given in 1965

    • This was formed to eliminate:

      • Sometimes you also had to take a personality test

        • This could either help or hinder you

        • A lot of it was based on your looks

          • You could fail if you didn’t have “the look” they wanted (facial hair or not, height, hair color, etc.)

        • These exams also differed by state

  • over 10,000 questions were developed by faculty of 12 chiropractic colleges

  • 100 questions per subject were selected, and included 2 parts

  • originally, only 16 states recognized it

  • By 1966, 25 sates recognized it

  • by 1975, 41 states recognized it

  • Part III of the exam was established in 1987

  • 1993 the SPEC exam was established (Special purposes examination for chiropractic)

    • This optional, post-licensure examination is used at a state board’s request for reciprocity, license re-instatement after a lapse or in disciplinary actions

    • SPEC is not intended for initial licensure purposes