French and Indian war (7 year war)

• Began on Americans soil, due to British colonist due to french encroachment on their west boarders

• conflict erupted

• Colonies met up to have better frontier defense

Albany plan of Union

• a more coordinated effort

• “ JOIN OR DIE “

• to unite all colonies

Ended by signing “the peace of Paris”

• Louisiana was given to Spain

• British doubled land due to the war

Consequences

• due to being hungry, “eating” more land began to push westward (they grabbed this land due to ‘winning the land’ though the Indians were there)

• conflicts with Indians who lived there, receiving raids

• very expensive (doubled in the cost)

Royal proclamation of 1763

• forbade colonist to gather land westward

• Angered the colonies, feeling entitled due to fighting in the war

Taxation w/o representation

• British decided to implicate taxes (1/3)

• Navigation act

  • avoided these laws by smuggling in trades

• Quartering Act 1765

  • British troops remained in the land, making the colonist to feed the soldiers

• Sugar Act

  • taxes on “luxury” items

    • BOSTON TEA PARTY

      • response of the sugar act implemented

        angered colonist

        50 colonist disguised as Indians threw the tea

  • Coercive act

    • closed down the Boston Harvard until everything was paid for

• Stamp act

  • All paper items, contracts, etc

  • can’t be ignored, now heating up the conflict

    • Stamp act congress

      • Petition to repeal the act, due to Taxation w/o representation was Tirane

• Protests occurred, acts were repealed

• Declaratory act

  • to remind them that they’re in charge by the British

• Townsend act

  • taxes on items imported to the colonies

    • Protested by boycotting

    • women who bought manufacture goods would do it their own way

      • spun their own cloth

      • grew their own tea

1770 BOSTON MASSACRE

• boys insulted the soldiers, leading soldiers to shoot at colonists, wounding 11 colonists and 4 died.

Salutary neglect

• gave the colonist that they were alone w/o British controlling them

Patriots

• colonists began to organize in groups to vowing to protect themselves from British Tirane

Continental congress

• all agreed to resist the British, but still wanted to remain citizens as independence was not an idea

  • They bought back the ideas of the Enlightenment

  • Natural rights were a deep philosophy of theirs

Separation of power - Enables the various branches to check and balance the powers of the others

1776

• continental congress was in their second meeting

• came to a point that independence from Britain was the only way they can survive

Thomas Paine

• common sense was created

• the idea of independence of Britain was the only way to give them freedom

Thomas Jefferson

• wrote the declaration of independence

  • “ we hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal “

  • document deeply influenced by enlightenment thoughts

  • July 4th, made public

    Revolutionary war started

• Loyalist did not want to separate from Britain

• George Washington was the leader

• Had a bad army, weak, getting defeated, and surely to lose.

• 1777 at the battle of Sara toga convinced the french to ally with the Americans to help them.

• French sent guns and ships, Fighting Frenchman LAFAYETTE!

• British army surrendered

• AMERICA BECAME INDEPENDENT!

Articles of confederation

• states had assembled their own constitution in governance

  • put the power in the law maker body

• Now made the constitution

Legislative

• all federal gov would be put into this (had limited power to ask for taxes)

Congress passed the Northwest Ordinances 1787

• provided how unformed territories can be occupied to the Union for statehood

• abolish slavery in northwest territory

  • ARTICLE SHOWED WEAKNESS DURING SHAYS REBELLION

    • Farmers fell into debt, and couldn’t pay due to inflation

    • Farmers were rebelling, about to arm themselves

    • this displayed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation

Constitutional convention 1787

• rewrite a new constitution

• Two parties started

  • Federalist

    • wanted stronger central government

  • Anti-Federalist

    • wanted the states to have the power

• Argument on how the people would be Representative

  • 2 plans were showed

    • Virginian plan

      • representation by big states

      • favored big states

    • New Jersey Plan

      • equal representation regardless of population

      • Favored the small states

The Great compromise

• Legislated branch

  • split into 2 houses

  • HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE

    • based on population

• Senate

  • States would have equal votes

  • 2 votes per state

• How do we account for the large enslaved population?

  • south wanted all slaves to count, as it would boost their power in the house

  • north who had few slaves, opposed that, as they would not be in favor

3/5 compromise (was created for voting to Black Men)

• every 5 slaves would be accounted for 3

Provided central gov.

• legislative

• executive

• judicial

  • New constitution went to the states for agreement

• Federalist wrote numerous essays to convince the public, Alexander Hamilton being one of those Anonymous writers

  • Federalist Papers

Constitution was in effect

Desire to have a distinctive American Culture

• State national leaders implemented education

• Artists devoted attention for noticeable themes

  • Republican motherhood

    • mother can best influence political ideas by raising virtuous SONS

George Washington elected president autonomously

• Established department of treasury and state

  • Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury

    • Due to debts, he established a bank, to improve the credit of the nation

      • Many argued that this is not constitutional

    • Elastic clause, which says that the Congress can actually implement any laws that is necessary and proper in order to carry other responsibilities

  • Bank was necessary and proper

    • Had the effects that he promised

• Both tried to remain neutral

Whiskey Rebellion (implemented a law by Alexander Hamilton, causing riots)

• made + consumed by farmers

  • angry farmers~!

• Attacked tax collectors to collect revenue

  • Hamilton was sent to stop this, proving the strength of the American Constitution

• Democratic Republicans

  • Thomas Jefferson + James Madison

    • thought that the bank was being instituted, and the whiskey rebellion was an overreach of power

George Washington Farewell (He did not run a 3rd time)

• Cautioned the nation of the difference in political parties

  • cautioned America to not get tangled in European alliances

• America ignored this.

John Adams was the next president

War broke out in Britain and France

• Adams insisted that America would be solitary

  • French would seize America trade ships that would go to settlement

• Americans went to France, which 3 french men who met them bribed them about 250,000 to just meet.

XYZ affair

• outrage shared between federalist and demo republic

Alien and Sedition Acts

• legal and easy to deport non-citizens

  • aimed to Scottish immigrants

• Made it illegal to criticize the gov public ally

  • Demo rep. sees this as federal overreach

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• shows that any law that is passed by fed. gov. that is unconstitutional can be nullify

Relationship between the US, Britain, Spain, and Indians

Indian trade and intercourse act

• in order to deal with Americans traveling west,

  • provision for fair dealings

    • settlers ignored this

• Westward migration increased, conflicts w/ Indians (British supported this)

Pinckney treaty

• decided the border between Us. and Spain

• established at the 31st parallel

Slavery

• Northern states

  • rapid population growth of free blacks

    • New Jersey granted free blacks the right to vote

  • Philadelphia, African Americans created the first church called

    • African Methodist Episcopal Church

• South states

  • Black population was mostly slave, growing rapidly

  • made it impossible to free slaves

    • Slave holders would migrate, bringing slaves with them to places where it never existed.