psych unit 7

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Motivation

Instinct

Fixed Action Pattern

Physiological need

Drive-reduction theory

Homeostasis

Self-Determination Theory

Intrinsic/Extrinsic motivations

Incentive Theory

Yerkes-Dodson Law (or Curve)

Hierarchy of needs

Sensation-seeking Theory

   Experience seeking

   Thrill and Adventure seeking

   Disinhibition

   Boredom susceptibility

• How do psychologists define motivation? From what perspectives do they view motivated behavior?

• Why is the idea that some needs are more compelling than others a useful framework for thinking about motivation?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Glucose

Ghrelin

Leptin

Orexin

PYY

Hypothalamus

   Lateral hypothalamus

   Ventromedial hypothalamus

Set point

Basal metabolic rate

Obesity

• What physiological factors produce hunger?

• What cultural and situational factors influence hunger?

• How are we affected by obesity, and what factors are involved in weight management?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Asexual

Testosterone

Estrogens

Sexual response cycle

• How do hormones influence human sexual motivation?

• What is the human sexual response cycle?

• How do external and imagined stimuli contribute to sexual arousal?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Affiliation need

Ostracism

Anterior cingulate cortex (role?)

Self-disclosure

Narcissism

Achievement motivation

Grit

• What evidence points to our human affiliation need - our need to belong?

• How does social networking influence us?

• What is achievement motivation?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Emotion

James-Lange Theory

Cannon-Bard Theory

Schachter-Singer / Two-Factor Theory

Spillover effect

Polygraph

Broaden-and-Build Theory

• How do arousal, expressive behavior, and cognition interact in emotion?

• To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them?

• What are the primary emotions, and what is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system?

• Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses?

• How effective are polygraphs in using body states to detect lies?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Paul Ekman

Facial feedback effect

Behavior feedback effect

• How do we communicate nonverbally?

• How do the genders differ in their ability to communicate nonverbally?

• How are gestures and facial expressions understood within and across cultures?

• How do our facial expressions influence our feelings

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Stress

Eustress and distress

Lewin’s Motivational-conflicts theory

     Approach-approach conflicts

     Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

     Approach-avoidance conflicts

Fight-or-flight 

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 

     Alarm reaction

     Resistance

     Exhaustion 

Telomeres

Tend-and-befriend response

Health psychology

Psychoneuroimmunology

Coronary heart disease

Type A

Type B

Catharsis

• How does our appraisal of an event affect our stress reaction, and what are the three main types of stressors?

• How do we respond and adapt to stress?

• How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?

• Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?

• Does stress cause illness?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Tend-and-befriend

Problem-focused coping

Emotion-focused coping

Aerobic exercise

Mindfulness meditation

Faith-factor

Expressing gratitude

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Positive psychology

Character strengths (virtues)

   Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice,

   temperance, transcendence

Subjective well-being

Objective wellbeing

Posttraumatic growth

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Relative deprivation

• What are the links among basic outlook on life, social support, and stress and health?

• How effective is aerobic exercise as a way to manage stress and improve well-being?

• In what ways might relaxation and meditation influence stress and health?

• What is the faith-factor, and what are some possible explanations for the link between faith and health?

• What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon, what is the focus of positive psychology research, and what are the factors that affect our happiness levels?

• What predicts happiness, and how can we be happier?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Personality 

Psychodynamic theory

Psychoanalysis

Unconscious

Free association

Identification

Fixation

Ego defense mechanisms

     Repression

     Regression

     Reaction formation

     Projection

     Rationalization

     Displacement

     Sublimation

     Denial

Sigmund Freud

Neo-Freudians

Projective test

     Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

     Rorschach test (ink blot)

Terror-management theory

• What is personality, and what theories inform our understanding of personality?

• How did Sigmund Freud’s treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind, and what was his view of personality?

• How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?

• What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them?

• How do contemporary psychologists view Freud’s psychoanalysis, and how has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Humanistic theorists

Self-actualization

Self-transcendence

Unconditional positive regard

Self-concept

• How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?

• How did humanistic psychologists assess a person’s sense of self?

• How have humanistic theories influenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Trait

Extroversion/introversion

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Factor analysis

Personality inventory

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa

     The Big 5

          C conscientiousness

          A agreeableness

          N neuroticism

          O openness

          E extraversion

• How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?

• What are some common misunderstandings about introversion?

• What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait-assessment tools?

• Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?

• Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Social-cognitive perspective

Behavioral approach

Reciprocal determinism

Self-efficacy + self-esteem = Self-concept

• How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they explore behavior? 

• What criticisms have social-cognitive theorists faced?

Essential Vocabulary

Questions to answer:

Self

Spotlight effect

Self-esteem

Defensive self-esteem

Self-efficacy

Excessive (toxic) positivity

Self-serving bias

Narcissism

Individualism

Collectivism

• Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to our well-being?

• How do excessive optimism, blindness to one’s own incompetence, and self-serving bias reveal the costs of self-esteem, and how do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?

• How do individualist and collectivist cultures differ in their values and goals?