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Rathus_PSYCH_7e_PPT_CH09

Chapter Overview

  • Chapter Title: The Voyage Through the Lifespan

  • Author: Spencer A. Rathus

  • Edition: 7th Edition

  • Context: Educational material from the field of psychology

Icebreaker Discussion

  • Break into small groups and discuss:

    • Identify a long-held belief from childhood still relevant today.

    • Analyze whether people can learn from their mistakes and justify your opinion.

Chapter Objectives

  • By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

    • 09.01 Describe the events of prenatal development and the role of sex hormones.

    • 09.02 Describe physical development of children.

    • 09.03 Describe cognitive development of children.

    • 09.04 Describe social and emotional development of children.

    • 09.05 Describe the development of adolescents in multiple domains (physical, cognitive, moral, social, emotional).

    • 09.06 Describe features of emerging adulthood.

    • 09.07 Describe the development in adults across various domains.

Prenatal Development: Section 9-1

  • Stages of Prenatal Development:

    • Germinal Stage:

      • Period from conception to implantation.

      • Zygote divides and implants in the uterine wall.

    • Embryonic Stage:

      • Duration: implantation to the 8th week.

      • Major organ systems formed; head grows first.

      • Organ growth precedes extremities.

    • Fetal Stage:

      • Starts at the beginning of the third month until birth.

      • Characterized by movements, maturation, and increase in size.

Understanding Embryo Nourishment

  • Nourishment begins only after implantation during the germinal stage.

  • Exchange of nutrients and wastes between the embryo and mother through the placenta, connected by the umbilical cord.

Knowledge Check

  • At which point does an embryo begin to receive nourishment from its mother?: Answer: b. In the germinal stage.

Childhood Physical Development: Section 9-2

  • Perceptual Development:

    • Newborns can track moving light within two days post-birth.

    • Three-month-olds can discriminate colors.

    • Infants can measure visual preferences; response to depth cues when crawling begins.

    • Newborns demonstrate auditory preferences and can discriminate odors.

Childhood Cognitive Development: Section 9-3

  • Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

    • Key Concepts:

      • Assimilation: Using existing cognitive structures to respond to new stimuli.

      • Accommodation: Adjusting cognitive structures to incorporate new information.

    • Piaget’s Stages:

      • Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years): Coordination of sensorial and motor actions.

      • Preoperational (2 - 7 years): Use of symbols and egocentric thought processes.

      • Concrete Operational (7 - 11 years): Logical operations and understanding of conservation.

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

  • Stages of Development:

    • Preconventional Level: Focus on consequences of actions.

    • Conventional Level: Conformity to societal standards.

    • Postconventional Level: Adherence to universal ethical principles.

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Stages

  • Key Stages:

    • Trust vs. Mistrust

    • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

    • Initiative vs. Guilt

    • Industry vs. Inferiority

    • Ego Identity vs. Role Diffusion in adolescence.

Parenting Styles

  • Authoritative: Balanced rules and warmth; promotes self-reliance.

  • Permissive: Few rules with high warmth; less supervision.

  • Uninvolved: Minimal involvement with children.

Adolescence: Section 9-5

  • Developmental Characteristics:

    • Defined by puberty onset, brain development, and social interactions.

    • Peak physical capabilities typically occur in early adulthood.

Emerging Adulthood: Section 9-6

  • Development Stages:

    • Exploration of identity, associated instability and self-focus (ages 18-25).

Adulthood: Section 9-7

  • Developmental Phases:

    • Early Age: Peak physical health.

    • Middle Age: Gradual decline with significant life changes.

    • Late Age: Notable cognitive and physical health declines, but creativity may persist.

Summary of Key Learnings

  • Prenatal development occurs in distinct stages (germinal, embryonic, fetal).

  • Cognitive understanding through Piaget and moral reasoning via Kohlberg.

  • Parenting styles significantly impact child development.

  • Adolescence is a transformative period, leading into emerging adulthood and adult life stages.