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The human growth process and developmental changes slides for moodle

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The human growth process and developmental changes slides for moodle

Session Learning Outcomes

  • Identify the different phases of the human growth process.

  • Understand the developmental changes across the lifespan.

  • Understand how human growth and development influence pathophysiology, illnesses, diseases, injuries, and well-being conditions.

Age Reference Points

  • Pre-natal

    • Germinal

    • Embryonic

    • Foetal

  • Early-years

  • Adolescence

  • Infancy

  • School-aged

  • Adulthood

Understanding Growth and Development

  • Children are not simply smaller versions of adults; their physiological and developmental processes differ significantly.

  • Knowledge of growth and development is critical for recognizing and interpreting health and disease.

National Early Warning Scores (NEWS)

  • Utilized to assess physiological parameters:

    • Respiration Rate

    • Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)

    • Systolic Blood Pressure

    • Pulse Rate

    • Level of consciousness or confusion

    • Temperature

Standards for Assessing Vital Signs

  • Taken from Advanced Paediatric Life Support, outlining normal values for infants, children, and young people.

Childhood Development Phases

Prenatal Phase

  • Germinal Stage: Conception to implantation.

  • Fertilization results in a zygote with 46 chromosomes. Development proceeds to morula and then to a blastocyst (70-100 cells).

  • Embryonic Stage: Begins with implantation; includes organogenesis, heartbeat initiation, and initial face/limb development.

  • Foetal Stage (Week 9 to birth): Development of vital organs and systems, with notable growth rates and maturation of sensory functions.

Infancy (0-1 Year)

  • Physical and developmental rapid changes, including the establishment of basic homeostasis and renal function.

  • Common health issues during infancy include respiratory problems and immaturity-related health conditions.

Early Childhood (1-5 Years)

  • Slowed physical growth.

  • Increased sensory development impacting vision and coordination.

  • Increased exposure to infections and other health risks.

School-Aged (6-12 Years)

  • Physical changes include steady growth in height and weight.

  • Developmental issues include nutritional, cognitive, and emotional aspects, such as mood and stress responses.

Adolescence (12-18 Years)

Female Hormonal Changes

  • Increase in height, widening pelvis, and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

  • Maturation of reproductive organs.

Male Hormonal Changes

  • Growth in height and muscle mass; development of facial and body hair.

  • Maturation of spermatogenesis and alterations in skin care due to oil production.

Ageing Process

Physiological Changes

  • Diminished motor control and slower motor response.

  • Reduced sensitivity in special senses.

  • Organ systems show a decline in function, such as:

    • Respiratory: Reduced mucus production and stiffening of the ribcage.

    • Cardiovascular: Increased blood pressure and reduced cardiac output.

    • Digestive: Reduced efficiency in processing food and increased risk for digestive issues.

    • Musculoskeletal: Thinning of bones and injury risk increases from stiffness in joints.

    • Reproductive: Female menopause and decreased reproductive efficiency in males.

Conclusion

  • Understanding the various developmental stages offers insights into healthcare, education, and social services for different age groups, ensuring comprehensive support throughout the lifespan.