Reconstruction (copy)

I. What was Reconstruction (2)::Attempt to reunify Union after Civil War and improve status of Freedman

A. 4 main questions of Reconstruction::How to rebuild South after CW, What condition of AA need and how to provide services, how will the South be reintegrated, who will control this process

B. Consequences of Confederate Leaders::Jefferson Davis arrested and other Confederate leaders before being released 2 years later by Johnson in 1868

C. 13 Amendment::Congress had right to enforce the banishment of slavery

II. Rebuilding the South (after Sherman’s MArch to the Sea)

A. Main cities destroyed::Atlanta, Richmond, Charleston destroyed (eco centres)

B. Economics::banks ruined due to inflation and transportation destroyed and planter class devastated who were big part of economy (mansions and farmland destroyed)

C. AGriculture::fields destroyed and livestock killed and agriculture output doesn’t return until 1870s

III. Freed Slaves

A. Statistics::3.9 million slaves (32.27% of population)

B. Who created and led Freedmen’s Bureau::in 1865 by Congress and led by oliver Howard)

Why Freedmen’s Bureau::help freed slaves and poor whites with food, clothing, medicine, and education

Examples of Freedmen’s Bureau’s actions (3)::teachers teaching 200,000 blacks, worked labor agreements with former masters and slave, authorized abandoned land to blacks (40 acres and a mule)

When does Freedmen’s Bureau end and why?::ends in 1872 (opposition of Democrats and Johnson)

C. Who are Carpetbaggers::Northern people (soldiers, teachers, businessmen) in Freedmen’s Bureau Why become Capretbagger::help slaves and could become a victim of violence but reaped benefits of military reconstruction

D. Planter class’s reaction towards blacks::forced blacks to work and intimidate/harm opponents

E. What happened in Summer/fall of 1868::1080 ppl to prevent Republican agenda

IV. Presidential Recontruction

A. President Lincoln’s 10% Plan::10% of all ex-confederate voters pledge allegiance to Us and uphold emancipation to get to Union and create state gov

Reaction of Congress to 10% Plan and why::not received well because of Republican ideals maintained and decreasing Southern aristocrat power

B. Wade-Davis Bill::required 50% of voters to pledge allegiance and uphold emanicpation, create state convention to safeguard Union ideals

C. What did Congress do after Lincoln’s veto::Congress able to deny Southern states’ seats

D. Who was President Johnson::came from poor white but former slave owner and served as military governor of TN and Lincoln’s VP

Johnson’s Reconstruction (4)::pardoning ex-Conf soldiers and calls states to repeal ordinances of secession and ratify 13th Amendment and gave planter class control of states

What happened to Congress in 1865-1866::Congress out of session w/ former Conf leaders and generals elected in Congress (Alexander Stevens)

Black Codes::regulate blacks to guarantee labor supply and ensure blacks to remain inferior (oppress) and gave blacks labor contracts that led to poverty, debt, or force to work, blacks forbidden to serve in juries, could interracial marry, get land, vagrancy clauses (forced blacks to work in chain gang if unemployed) to become sharecroppers

H. Why black codes::labor shortage and did not like blacks to be equal, especially with union black soldiers

V. Congressional Reconstrcution in 1865

I. Radical Republicans take a stand (what are their fears)::feared that acts passed would be ignored and free black population increase Southern representation (more electoral votes)

II. Why Civil Rights Bill of 1866::response to Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan and vetoes

What did the CR Bill of 1866 do::gave black citizenship ,

Why CR Bill of 1866 (2)::destroy black codes and reinforce 14th amendment

14th Amendment (4)::Gave civil right of citizenship and not count part of population if voting is discriminate, former Conf cannot serve in Congress, guarantee federal debt repudiating all Conf debt

Congressional Elections::democratic congress asks states to reject 14th but Republicans win super majority (2/3)

Moderate vs Radical Republicans::Radicals want to punish South while moderates do not want fed intervention while not wanting states to infringe on rights

Charlie Sumner::Senate of MA

Thaddeus Stevens::House of PA

What is Military reconstruction (mar 1870)::5 districts each commanded by 1 union general

Military Reconstrcution policies (3)::thousands of ex-Conf lose right to vote and require south states to ratify 14th amendment to become a part of Union and accept full suffrage of blacks that sets up for 15th Amendment

Military Reconstruction Cons::not a lot of education and land for them and some Northerners did not like policies

Tensure Office Act::President cannot remove senate-approved people w/o approval of senate

Edward Stanton::Sec of War who spied for RR appointed by Lincoln and would be fired

Johnson’s impeachment results::House voted 126:47 for impeachment, but Senate was one vote off from 2/3 removal

15th Amendment::passed in 1870 to ensure suffrage for black men

15th Amendment Loopholes (5)::does not say anything from holding office, voting requirements not uniform, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses

Lynchings::intimidate blacks from voting (200 in 1882 and 230 in 1892) that disenfranchised blacks and poor whites

Why were lynching hard to remove::many politicians were involved

What was Civil Rights Act of 1875 and its shortcoming::crime to deny full and equal use of public conveniences (hotel, RR, trains, theatres, restaurants) but lacked enforcement mechanism

Why did Reconstruction die down::Ignored after due to North facing issues with economy

VI. Radical Reconstruction in South

North vs South Suffrage pre and post 15th Amendment::Northern states denied blacks to vote but do not circumvent Amendment unlike Southern states

Where did blacks make up majority of voters (5)::AL, FL, LA, MS, SC

Where in government did blacks make the majority of::majority in house of representatives in SC

Black Senators of MS::Revels and Bruce

Corruption of states and former whigs::former whigs, scalawags, who supported Reconstruction as Southerners harmed

Positives of Reconstrcution (6)::Blacks educated, tax sys improved, more work projects, women get property rights, better apportionment in state legislator, voting based on property removed

VII. Rise of KKK

A. Rebellion against radical rule::started as Democratic PArty to overthrow Reconstruction gmvt and replace w/ white supremacist

Why rebel against radical rule::did not like blacks in politics and anyone supporting Reconstrcution

B. Domestic terroist organization::started in TN in 1866 with Southeners

What did KKK do (3)::terrorized, flogged, and mutilated blacks and anyone supported Reconstruction

Why did KKK do it (2)::discourage blacks from gaining rights and harm repbulcian Party

C. What were Force Acts of 1870 and 71 also called::enforcement acts or kkk acts

What did Force Acts do and results::fed gvmt removing KKK but partially suceeded

VIII. Rise of Old South:

A. Solid South (3)::Republicans overtaken by Democrats and resentment towards Republicans and rise in anti-black violence

B. Who did Redeemers consist of::Pre-war democrats or union whigs (ex-Conf) who interested in industrial development

Redeemer’s goals (2)::undo changes in Civil War in 1870s and dismantle Reconstrcution

IX. Post Reconstruction Civil Rights

A. Purpose of Sharecropping::keep blacks oppressed and tied to former masters and indebted

B. Slaughterhouse Case significance(1873)::fed gvmt cannot discriminate but state gvmt could

C. Civil rights Case significance(1883)::SC declares fed gvmt protects from state, not from individual, discouraging civil rights laws and disenfranching blacks and rise of voting loopholes

D. Gerrymandering::redrawing district lines so blacks will not be majority

E. When were Jim Crow Laws implemented and why::1890s, segregation in public places to oppress blacks

F. Who was Booker T. Washington and beliefs::head of tuskgee institute who believed blacks should be in good education and trade but fought against Jim Crow Laws

accommodation::blacks show value to implement desegregation and adopt white habits

G. WEB DuBois’s belief on segregation::immediate economical and social equality

What did Dubois form to combat::formed niagara movement that advocated for educational/economic rights

H. Plessy v. Ferguson significance(1896)::“separate but equal” separation legal as long as quality of places equal