Rutgers Test A&P1 Questions.docx

Rutgers Test Questions

Intro

  1. Which is an example of homeostasis - sweating when you get hot
  2. Which of the following represents feedback inhibition in a multistep biosynthetic pathway? - The question is asking what would cause feedback inhibition. More simply it is asking which of the choices describes a scenario where the body does not get feedback; meaning the body’s ability to sense when something is out of homeostasis is off. Any step that blocks the first step of recognizing something is wrong meets this criteria.
  3. What cut divides the anteriorly and posteriorly - Coronal/frontal
  4. What cut divides the Left & right - Sagittal
  5. What type of scientist/doctor would test the heart under different temperatures - Physiologist, because he studying how the heart works and physiology is the study of function

Chemistry

  1. Which bond is made by a positive anion and negative cation combining - ionic
  2. What is the energy molecule - ATP
  3. What chemical process makes most of the macromolecules (fatty acid chain, starches, proteins) in our body - Dehydration synthesis: connects molecules by removing a water molecule. REMOVAL OF WATER
  4. Which of the following is an example of catabolism - breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
  5. What describes substances that dissociate in water - salts because the ionic bonds interact in polar water OR electrolytes because the charges interact with polar water molecules
  6. Which of the following best describes CO2 - A compound in the air. Not an element, or molecule since it contains more than one type of atom.
  7. What elements make up 95% of the human body - Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, & Oxygen (C,H,O,N)
  8. Which metabolic pathway or process converts 1 molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid - Glycolysis. The first step in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
  9. Which of the following scenarios represents passive transport - Following the gradient; movement using no energy.

Cells & Histology

  1. Cells die by the process of necrosis when they are deprived of a blood supply for a period of time, a condition known as ischemia. Ischemia results in the slowing and eventual stopping of cellular processes which produce ATP. The inactivation of which ATP-dependent protein in these cells results in water coming into the cells causing them to swell before breaking down? - ATP dependent sodium potassium pumps
  2. This disease affects lipase & fatty acids so what kind of cell is affected - adipocytes
  3. Blood is what type of tissue - connective
  4. Identify Microscope view of tissue (usually bone) - seeing rings with a central lumen(canal)
  5. What of the following structure receive signals that allow for communication with other cells - receptors
  6. Which tissue would be touching blood in a blood vessel - epithelial
  7. How many bases are needed for 1 amino acid - 3
  8. What is the name of the supportive network created by thin collagen fibers - ground substance
  9. What would happen if you added a HYPERTONIC solution to the body - Hypertonic means a lot of stuff in the solution, which would draw more water out to mix with the stuff. This would cause the cells to shrivel and shrink.
  10. Which part of protein synthesis uses DNA as a template - mRNA
  11. Long fibrous triple braided protein - collagen fibers
  12. Where does the electron transport chain occur - Inside the the mitochondria, across the cristae of the inner membrane
  13. What type of compounds provide the cell with structure and support - Proteins, they provide structural support for most of the body
  14. Which delivers the specific amino acid to the chain in protein synthesis - tRNA
  15. What occurs in the Endoplasmic reticulum - Protein synthesis/remodeling
  16. Elongated cells that can contract - muscles
  17. What 2 molecules make up a cell membrane - Lipids & proteins
  18. Meiosis vs mitosis daughter cells, number of chromosomes - Mitosis results in 2 equal cells both with 23 chromosome pairs. Meiosis first has the same result but then continues to 4 cells with 23 single chromosomes.
  19. If a single base in mRNA is removed during the translation of mRNA into proteins what would happen - Every base in the entire RNA strand is shifted down one spot. This creates an error in every codon trio for the remainder of the strand.
  20. Totipotent Cells - this cell can become embryo or placenta; pluripotent cells become more body cells; and multipotent cells differentiate from origin. Mesenchymal cells (multipotent) can become bone or cartilage but not nerves.

Integumentary System

  1. What is the whitish half crescent part of the nail above the cuticle - lunula
  2. What protein makes out skin waterproof - keratin
  3. What pigments protect skin from rays of the sun - Eumelanin & pheomelanin
  4. What is the layer of the skin containing fat - Subcutaneous layer or Hypodermis
  5. What type of receptor would be most common in the fingertips - Meissner corpuscles
  6. What is the rule of 9s used for - Determining how much of the body is burnt
  7. Which fibers give skin flexibility - elastic fibers
  8. Which prevents drying of the eardrum - cerumen
  9. Top layer of skin - epidermis
  10. Secretions from which gland cause Body Odor with bacteria - Apocrine (armpit)
  11. What layer of the epidermis contains columnar cells - stratum basale
  12. Which of the following may occur after the dermis is ruptured - stretch marks
  13. Subcutaneous layer has more ____ than the dermis - Adipose

Skeletal System

  1. Which cells are responsible for bone resorption(breakdown of bone)? - osteoclasts
  2. What type of joint is found connecting the flat bones of skull - fibrous
  3. Steps in healing a bone fracture - hematoma, invasion, fibro callus, bony callus
  4. The connection between bones in the skull - sutures
  5. The fluid sac in synovial joints - Bursae
  6. If someone suffers from a cleft palate, what bone is affected - maxilla (upper jaw)
  7. Cartilage = chondro
  8. If palms are forward but i turn them back, what movement did i do - pronation
  9. What is the most inferior part of the sternum - xiphoid process
  10. Shaft of a long bone - diaphysis
  11. Where is the foramen magnum - bottom of skull in occipital bone
  12. Lumen are found in what - bone
  13. Largest and most complex of synovial joints - ball and socket (shoulder & hip)
  14. Which cartilage makes bone - hyaline
  15. which of the following secretes ground substance in bone - osteoblasts
  16. Skin of bone - periosteum
  17. Which of the following describes haversian systems/osteons - basic unit of compact bone
  18. What system produces blood cells - skeletal
  19. What makes cartilage - chondroblasts
  20. Moving a joint so the angle decreases - flexion
  21. What is part of the axial skeleton - skull, spine, sternum, bony thorax
  22. What spinal section would have intercostal nerves - thoracic because intercostal means in between ribs
  23. What does a clear epiphyseal plate mean - The epiphyseal plate is the growth plate. Seeing it more clearly means there is still space for the bones to grow and therefore the person is not done growing, young.
  24. Which bone contains the Foramen Magnum - That is the hole for the spinal cord, Occipital bone

Muscle System

  1. Which layer of connective tissue surrounds the muscle fascicle? - perimysium
  2. What is the thick filament - myosin
  3. An error on the TTN gene for the TITAN protein would cause an issue where - Titan holds actin to the z disk, therefore it is an issue in MUSCLES, leading to HEART problems since the heart is made of cardiac muscle
  4. What number is trapezius muscle
  5. What best describes a sarcomere - section of myofibril
  6. Where is rectus abdominis - abs/ belly
  7. What surrounds a muscle fascicle - perimysium
  8. What part of skeletal muscle releases calcium - Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  9. Which leads to muscle fatigue - lack of oxygen; build up of lactic acid
  10. What generates muscle movement - myosin pulling actin
  11. What muscle extends the elbow - tricep
  12. What muscle assists with breathing - Diaphragm
  13. What muscle raises your arm to shoulder level - deltoid

Nervous System

Peripheral

  1. Which body system involves dendrites - Nervous System
  2. Nissl bodies - found in the cell bodies of neurons giving them structure and contain rough ER
  3. Nodes of ranvier are regulated by which system - peripheral nervous system
  4. How many axons in a multipolar neuron - 1
  5. An issue with efferent nerves would create problems where? - any motion because efferent nerves go away from the CNS meaning they control muscles
  6. Which structure is associated with the myelin sheath in the PNS - Schwann cells
  7. Which of the following describes a cluster of nerve bodies in the PNS - Ganglia
  8. Neurotransmitters like glutamate will be found in the… - synapse
  9. Action potential moves fastest - myelinated axons
  10. What nerve is equilibrium(balance) - Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) aka Auditory nerve but remember that balance is managed by the inner ear
  11. What do neuroglia do? - Neuroglia/Glia/Glial Cells are neuron helpers. The control the environment around the neurons and create myelin sheath
  12. What type of nerves exist in the anterior root of a spinal nerve - Even though they can eventually merge Sensory neurons make up the dorsal root and Motor neurons exit through the anterior root
  13. What do spinal nerves do - Motor & Sensory Functions (only cranial nerves are sometimes limited to a single function)
  14. Which best describes a reflex? - A reflex is an immediate neural response that comes from the spinal cord. No brain involvement. Requires a strong stimulus to cause.
  15. Bell's palsy affects - facial nerve (seven VII)

Central

  1. What is the thin stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus - infundibulum
  2. If the motor area on the left brain is damaged, what will be affected - the right side of the body
  3. What structure allows communication between brain hemispheres - corpus callosum
  4. Layers of meninges - dura, arachnoid, pia
  5. Where is cerebrospinal fluid formed - ventricles
  6. What is pia mater - inner layer of meninges
  7. Baroreceptors in arteries detect what? - pressure
  8. What describes brain and spinal cord - central nervous system

Special Senses

  1. What is cataracts - clouding of the lens in the eye
  2. What is the sensor in ear - organ of Corti
  3. What sense is olfactory - Smell
  4. Order in which light passes through the eye - Cornea, AH, pupil, lens, VH, Retina
  5. What sensors take in light vs color - rods = light/ cones = color
  6. Which of the auditory ossicles (earbones) is attached to the tympanic membrane(ear drum) - malleus (hammer)
  7. What category do olfactory receptors belong - Chemoreceptors
  8. Receptors for hearing and balance - inner ear
  9. What part of the eye has the receptors on it - retina
  10. Where is the highest concentration of cones - fovea macula