cj study 2
Timeline of Police Technology:
Early technologies included basic communication devices and patrol cars.
Patrol Cars:
Common equipment: radios, lights, sirens, computers, and first aid kits.
Body Worn Cameras:
About 80% of law enforcement agencies use body cameras.
Smart Sensors:
ShotSpotter detects gunfire locations.
High-Definition Surveying (HDS):
Used for detailed mapping of crime scenes.
Crime Mapping:
Helps visualize and analyze crime data to identify trends.
Predictive Policing:
Uses data analysis and algorithms to forecast where crimes might occur.
DNA Evidence:
Introduced in court in the 1980s.
CODIS:
Stands for Combined DNA Index System.
Police Department Overview:
Most police departments are small, with fewer than 50 officers.
Structure influenced by community needs and historical context.
Common ranks include Chief, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Officer.
Sheriff vs. Police Officers:
Sheriffs are elected officials who manage county law enforcement; police officers are employed by cities.
Aggressive Policing (Patrols):
Aggressive policing involves a strong presence; zero tolerance means strict enforcement of laws.
Rapid Response:
Response time matters; quicker responses can improve outcomes.
Broken Windows Model:
Focuses on maintaining order to prevent more serious crimes; disorder can lead to crime.
Community-Oriented Policing (COP):
Builds relationships with the community; goal is to improve public safety and trust.
Problem-Oriented Policing (POP):
Focuses on identifying and solving specific problems; uses a model based on analysis.
Evidence vs. Intelligence-Led Policing:
Evidence-based relies on data; intelligence-led uses information to guide operations.
Investigations:
Investigators gather facts; detectives solve cases, often using investigative techniques.
Police Subculture:
The Blue Curtain refers to the secrecy and protective nature of police culture.
Police Discretion:
Discretion is the choice in how to enforce laws; low-visibility decision making occurs in private situations.
Policing Styles:
Four styles:
Watchman: focuses on maintaining order.
Legalistic: emphasizes law enforcement and rules.
Service: prioritizes community service and support.
Social Agent: advocates for community change.
War on Drugs:
Impacts include increased incarceration rates, community division, and racial disparities.
Redlining:
A practice of denying services based on racial or ethnic demographics; led to economic and social disparities.
Slippery Slope:
Refers to the risk of starting down a path that leads to unethical behaviors.
Use of Force:
There can be racial discrimination; levels include verbal commands, physical restraint, and lethal force.
Search and Seizures:
Things that do not qualify as a search include open view observations.
Arrests:
Arrests must adhere to the 4th Amendment; a Terry Stop is a brief, investigatory stop, not an arrest.
Warrants:
Search warrants are issued by judges for searching property; arrest warrants are for detaining individuals.
Warrant Requirements:
Must demonstrate probable cause and specify the place and items to be searched.
Warrantless Searches:
Exceptions include consent, exigent circumstances, and searches incident to arrest.
Probable Cause:
Defined as reasonable grounds for making a search or pressing a charge; not clearly defined in the 4th Amendment.
Plain View Doctrine:
Items in plain sight can be seized without a warrant.
Electronic Surveillance:
Wiretapping is intercepting phone calls; it can be constitutional with a warrant.
Interrogations:
The 5th Amendment is crucial; Miranda warnings can decrease the number of confessions.
Pretrial Identifications:
Lineup processes include live lineups and photo arrays; the most common today is photo arrays.
The Exclusionary Rule:
The Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine states that evidence obtained illegally cannot be used; exceptions include good faith and inevitable discovery.
Timeline of Police Technology:
Early technologies included basic communication devices and patrol cars.
Patrol Cars:
Common equipment: radios, lights, sirens, computers, and first aid kits.
Body Worn Cameras:
About 80% of law enforcement agencies use body cameras.
Smart Sensors:
ShotSpotter detects gunfire locations.
High-Definition Surveying (HDS):
Used for detailed mapping of crime scenes.
Crime Mapping:
Helps visualize and analyze crime data to identify trends.
Predictive Policing:
Uses data analysis and algorithms to forecast where crimes might occur.
DNA Evidence:
Introduced in court in the 1980s.
CODIS:
Stands for Combined DNA Index System.
Police Department Overview:
Most police departments are small, with fewer than 50 officers.
Structure influenced by community needs and historical context.
Common ranks include Chief, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Officer.
Sheriff vs. Police Officers:
Sheriffs are elected officials who manage county law enforcement; police officers are employed by cities.
Aggressive Policing (Patrols):
Aggressive policing involves a strong presence; zero tolerance means strict enforcement of laws.
Rapid Response:
Response time matters; quicker responses can improve outcomes.
Broken Windows Model:
Focuses on maintaining order to prevent more serious crimes; disorder can lead to crime.
Community-Oriented Policing (COP):
Builds relationships with the community; goal is to improve public safety and trust.
Problem-Oriented Policing (POP):
Focuses on identifying and solving specific problems; uses a model based on analysis.
Evidence vs. Intelligence-Led Policing:
Evidence-based relies on data; intelligence-led uses information to guide operations.
Investigations:
Investigators gather facts; detectives solve cases, often using investigative techniques.
Police Subculture:
The Blue Curtain refers to the secrecy and protective nature of police culture.
Police Discretion:
Discretion is the choice in how to enforce laws; low-visibility decision making occurs in private situations.
Policing Styles:
Four styles:
Watchman: focuses on maintaining order.
Legalistic: emphasizes law enforcement and rules.
Service: prioritizes community service and support.
Social Agent: advocates for community change.
War on Drugs:
Impacts include increased incarceration rates, community division, and racial disparities.
Redlining:
A practice of denying services based on racial or ethnic demographics; led to economic and social disparities.
Slippery Slope:
Refers to the risk of starting down a path that leads to unethical behaviors.
Use of Force:
There can be racial discrimination; levels include verbal commands, physical restraint, and lethal force.
Search and Seizures:
Things that do not qualify as a search include open view observations.
Arrests:
Arrests must adhere to the 4th Amendment; a Terry Stop is a brief, investigatory stop, not an arrest.
Warrants:
Search warrants are issued by judges for searching property; arrest warrants are for detaining individuals.
Warrant Requirements:
Must demonstrate probable cause and specify the place and items to be searched.
Warrantless Searches:
Exceptions include consent, exigent circumstances, and searches incident to arrest.
Probable Cause:
Defined as reasonable grounds for making a search or pressing a charge; not clearly defined in the 4th Amendment.
Plain View Doctrine:
Items in plain sight can be seized without a warrant.
Electronic Surveillance:
Wiretapping is intercepting phone calls; it can be constitutional with a warrant.
Interrogations:
The 5th Amendment is crucial; Miranda warnings can decrease the number of confessions.
Pretrial Identifications:
Lineup processes include live lineups and photo arrays; the most common today is photo arrays.
The Exclusionary Rule:
The Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine states that evidence obtained illegally cannot be used; exceptions include good faith and inevitable discovery.
