Global History II - Regents Review Topic 2 & 3 Vocab

Global History and Geography Regents Review Vocabulary

Topic 2 - Unit 10.2 Enlightenment & French Revolution

Topic 3 - Unit 10.2 Revolution & Nationalism

Topic 2 During the Age of Enlightenment, belief in the power of reason grew. Writers developed political philosophies based on natural laws that gave rise to the concepts of social contract, consent of the governed, and rights of the citizens. They sought to reform government and create a more just society. Despite opposition, Enlightenment ideas spread. Some absolute rulers used their power to reform society.

Topic 3 Inspired by the American and French Revolution, revolutionaries in Latin America threw off Spanish rule in the early 1800’s. But democratic reforms were slow to develop after independence was achieved. In Europe, there was a reaction against revolutionary ideals. Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation.

Enlightenment - rigorous scientific, political and philosophical discourse that characterized European society

John Locke - an English philosopher and political theorist, pioneered the ideas of Natural Rights

Natural Rights - basic human rights that include: life, liberty, and property

Montesquieu - French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Rousseau - the least academic of modern philosophers and in many ways was the most influential

Enlightened Despot - form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment

Catherine the Great - Russian empress that reigned over Russia for 34 years

The Three Estates - This assembly was composed of three estates: the clergy, nobility and commoners

National Assembly - an assembly composed of the representatives of a nation and usually constituting a legislative body or a constituent assembly

Declaration of the Rights of Man - an expression of universal human rights—those rights that are true at all times and in all places—that served as one of the foundational documents of the French Revolution

Robespierre - Robespierre, a Jacobin, was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution, led the Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror - a period of the French Revolution that was conspicuous for mass executions of political suspects

Napoleon - French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century

Coup d'état - a seizure and removal of a government and its powers

Napoleonic Code - made the authority of men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children

Bastille - medieval fortress that became French state prison and a place of detention for important persons charged with various offenses

Limited Monarchy - a monarchy where the power of the monarch is limited by a constitution or other document

Mary Wollstonecraft - renowned women’s right activist

Toussaint L’Ouverture - former slave who rose to become leader of a successful slave revolt

Simon Bolivar - Venezuelan soldier who played a key role in the South American independence movement

Jose de San Martin - Argentine soldier who led revolts against the Spanish

Cash Crop Economy - agricultural crops that are planned for selling in the markets

Congress of Vienna - assembly in 1814 that reorganized Europe after Napoleonic Wars for Balance of Power

Balance of Power - the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side

Clemens von Metternich - German-born Austrian politician and statesman and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Foreign Minister of the Roman Empire

Haitian Revolution - the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti by the Africans and their descendants who had been enslaved by the French

Conservatism - a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional values

Liberalism - the belief in freedom, equality, democracy and human rights

Nationalism - an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation

Mazzini - Italian nationalist and patriot

Cavour - figure who forged the kingdom of Italy

Garibaldi - military figure of the Italian Unification

Otto Von Bismarck - Prussian politician who became first chancellor of Germany

Austro-Hungary Empire - Limited monarchy and great power between 1867 and 1918

Ottoman Empire - historically and colloquially the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries