lec 4_merged (1)

Definition: Cultural relativism posits that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within their social context.
Core Concepts:
- The moral understanding of "right" and "wrong" is culture-specific.
- No universal moral standard exists; hence no society can judge another's customs.
Anthropological Acceptance:
- Cultural relativism is widely accepted in modern anthropology.
- All cultures are viewed as valid expressions of human existence.
- A neutral perspective is encouraged in studying different cultures.

Culture:
- A: Norms and practices of a group that are learned and shared.
- B: Learned ways of behaving communicated between groups to provide solutions to daily life problems.

Describe the individual's preferences in acting or knowing, sustained over time and governing actions or decisions.

A mix of factors motivating the development of knowledge, skills, and abilities to care for others.

Appreciation and sensitivity to clients' values, beliefs, lifestyles, and problem-solving strategies.

A perceived threat due to misunderstandings of expectations between nurses and clients that arise from unawareness of cultural differences.

The feeling of helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation experienced when adapting to a culture different from one's own, caused by losing familiar sights, sounds, and behaviors.

Culture is a set of shared and learned values, ideals, and meanings guiding behaviors, decisions, and actions.
Rules of Behavior:
- Explicit Rules: Visible components, e.g., clothing, jewelry, hairstyles.
- Implicit Rules: Invisible components such as values and belief systems.
Characteristics:
- Material and non-material items that characterize the culture.
- Traditional practices passed down through generations.
- Intercultural variations exist both between and within cultures.

Non-verbal Communication: Use of body language or gestures to send information that may not be verbally expressed.
Verbal Communication: Use of language in words to express ideas, feelings, and describe objects.
Stereotyping: Assigning beliefs and behaviors to a group without considering individual differences.

A way of life
Material possessions (e.g., flat, car, mobile)
Socially transmitted knowledge of values, beliefs, and norms guiding thoughts and behaviors.
Behavioral patterns linked to common ideas, attitudes, and value systems.
"Everything that people have, think, and do as members of society."

Overview:
- Introduced by sociologist Parsons.
- It views being sick as both a biological condition and a social role, encompassing rights and duties.
Obligations:
- Sick individuals are expected to recover and comply with treatment regimens.

Rights:
- Exemption from normal social duties.
- Not held responsible for their condition.
Duties:
- Must strive to recover and seek help from competent medical professionals.

An influential Harvard Professor of Economics and Sociology, active from 1927 to 1973.
Founded the Department of Social Relations.
Notable works include:
- "The Structure of Social Action" (1937)
- "The Social System" (1951)
- "Social Structure and Personality" (1964)
- "The System of Modern Societies" (1971)
- "The Structure and Change of the Social System" (1983)

Opposite of Cultural Relativism: Absolutism and Universalism.
- One culture cannot be deemed higher or lower in value than another.
- Cultural analysis should be approached from a neutral perspective.

Culture encompasses norms and practices guiding individuals within specific communities.
It is a set of shared beliefs affecting thoughts and actions.