History S1 24-25

Introduction Unit

How many electoral votes did Abraham Lincoln receive in the south? - 0

What was Common Sense? - Common sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine attacking King George and the monarchy. He believed that Britain should only deal with Britain and that the American colonies should be able to declare independence. If America declared independence, it would create a better society with no tyranny, and equal social and economic opportunities for all. 

Who was the primary writer of the Declaration of Independence? - Thomas Jefferson

Who was the King of England during the American Revolution - King George III

Did Abraham Lincoln pledge to stop the spread of slavery or abolish slavery during his campaign? - stop the spread of slavery

What did the Sugar Act do? -  Made a tax on molasses and other sugar items. 

What was decided at the Second Continental Congress? - established a continental army and made George Washington commander and chief. 

Who was elected president of the southern states during the Civil War? - Jefferson Davis

Who was president of the USA during the Civil War? - Abraham Lincoln

Chapter 5

People:

William McKinley - William McKinley was the nominee running for president in 1896 from Ohio and the Republican Party that backed the gold standard.

George Custer - Colonel George A. Custer decided to ignore the Treaty of Fort Laramie and reported to others that there was gold in the Black Hills “from the grass roots down,” sparking a gold rush. Custer also fought Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Gall, and many other Native Americans, ultimately failing.

Chief Red Cloud - Direct quote from the textbook: “The Bozeman Trail ran directly through Sioux hunting grounds in the Bighorn Mountains. had unsuccessfully appealed to the government to end white settlement on the trail. In December 1866, the warrior Crazy Horse ambushed Captain William J. Fetterman and his company at Lodge Trail Ridge. Over 80 soldiers were killed. Native Americans called this fight the Battle of the Hundred Slain. Whites called it the Fetterman Massacre.”

William Jennings Bryan -  was a former Nebraska congressman from the Democratic Party that attended the Democratic convention in 1896 that backed bimetallism and won the Democratic nomination.

Captain Fetterman - fought against the Native Ameicans at the Fetterman Massacre and lost.

Crazy House - fought against Custer and won, and he led Native Americans at the Fetterman Massacre and won. Main person at the Battle of Little BigHorn

Oliver Hudson Kelley - formed the Patrons of Husbandry that was more commonly known as the Grange, an organization for farmers. 

Sitting Bull - was a leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux who did not sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie, but the Ogala and Brule Sioux did sign it. This treaty stated that the government would close off the Bozeman Trail and that the Sioux could live on a reservation along the Missouri River. However, even with this treaty being signed, the Sioux thought that they would still be able to use their traditional hunting grounds. Fought at the Battle of Little BigHorn(Crazy horse was the main person at Little BigHorn) and Wounded Knee

What act was passed in both 1862 and 1890 and gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges? - The States received federal lands with the Morrill Act to be able to help finance agricultural colleges.

What does the Plains culture for Native Americans look like? - Small villages/extended families, Hunters, Farmers,  Craftsmen, Spirituality/Shaman

What did the Homestead Act do? - allowed for any citizen or intended citizen that was the head of household to get 160 acres out west.

What was the Ghost Dance Movement? -     Deceased family/buffalo would rise up (from the dead) and white men would disappear

What are the Great Plains? - was the place where the Native Americans lived. It stretched from the Central portion of the US to far west. Many Easterners knew very little about it, thus they wrongly assumed that the Native Americans were savages.

What did the Carlisle School force Native Americans to do? (3 Things) - 

Speak English, Dress white, Act according to US values

Who were Buffalo Soldiers? - fought in Native American Wars, They eventually became park rangers, protected from natives, Previous slaves that became part of the army and could make a name for themselves

What did the Ft. Laramie treaty do? - stated that the government would close off the Bozeman Trail and that the Sioux could live on a reservation along the Missouri River. However, even with this treaty being signed, the Sioux thought that they would still be able to use their traditional hunting grounds, which many of the white settlers did not approve of. This led to the Fetterman Massacre.

What act forced assimilation upon Native Americans? - Dawes Act

What were farmers alliances? - was made up of many people who supported and sympathized with farmers. Lecturers were sent from town to town to inform the people on lower interest rates on loans and government control over railroads and banks.Oliver Hudson Kelley – Patrons of Husbandry aka the Grange, Leads to Farmers’ Alliances, Membership grows to over 4 million mostly in south and west, Rise of “Populism”, 5 senators in west, Presidential candidate James B Weaver 10% of vote

What was a bonanza farm? - Massive farms growing 1 crop

What was the gold standard? -  Money in gold

What was the final major battle of the Great Plains? - Wounded knee massacre

What is the Battle of Little Big Horn also known as? - custer's last stand

What is populism? - was the movement of the people, and demanded reforms to help farmers and other workers get out of debt and give them a greater voice in the government.

Three economic reforms pushed by the Populist party:

Increase in the money supply

A graduated income tax

A federal loan program

What animal was essential to the Plain Indians? - Buffalo

What is an Exoduster? - Exodusters were African Americans who moved from the South after the Civil War to Kansas.

What is a soddy? - A soddy was a home made from stacking prairie turf. It would be cool in the summer, warm in the winter, and was fireproof, however, there was not much light inside, it was small, it would leak continuously when it rained, and would be prone to pests.

Chapter 6

People: 

Edwin L. Drake - First one to use a steam engine to drill for oil. Became popular in Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and texas. After this it caused many people to start businesses and turn kerosine into oil. THey made refineries from it. 

Christopher Sholes - He made the typewriter. The typewriter helped women work in the manufacturing industry

Thomas Edison -  Made the light bulb and made improvements to laboratories and made the first Laboratory. 

George Pullman - Built a factory for railroad sleepers and cars

Alexander Graham Bell - He made the first telephone

Andrew Carnegie - He worked with Steel and Railroads. He primarily worked with Steel. Made a deal with Rockefeller. 

John D. Rockefeller - He worked with oil/Kerosine and it was a big deal. He made the first oil pipeline. 

Samuel Gompers - He made cigars. led cigars maker union 1886

Eugene V. Debs - They attempted to form a union in the industrial industry. They mostly helped the work environment on the railroad.

Mary Harris Jones - She was a person who helped make the women's labor movement. She helped fight for women. 

Terms: 

Bessemer Process - Made by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly. It was a process of injecting air into molten iron to remove iron and other impurities to make steel. 

Transcontinental Railroad - A railroad that went all across america. Andrew Carnegie controlled 1/6th of it. 

Credit Mobilier - A railroad that went all across america. Andrew Carnegie controlled 1/6th of it.

 Munn v Illinois - the Supreme Court

upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to two. The states thus won the right

to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers. The Grangers

also helped establish an important principle—the federal government’s right to

regulate private industry to serve the public interest

Interstate Commerce Act - Allowed the GOvernment to supervise the railroad industry. Regulate railroad. 

Sherman Anti-Trust Act - made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

The Pullman Strike involved what industry? - Railroad

Who would be in charge of Standard Oil Company? - John D. Rockefeller

Which union saw strikes as a major tactic and eventually would have Samuel Gompers be its president? - Cigar maker union

The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers from what industry? - workers on the railroad

Who invented the lightbulb? - Thomas Edison

What American businessman created an entire town which was under his control, which was built around a factory to build his railroad cars? - Pullman

What did the Sherman Antitrust Act do? - made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

Did electricity allow factories to no longer need to be built near a source of power, such as a river? - 

What kind of spike was used to mark the completion of the transcontinental railroad? -  gold

Who proposed the idea of the transcontinental railroad? - 

What did Edwin L Drake use a steam engine to drill for? - oil

During this time period, who would be the biggest customer for steel? - railroad

How many time zones were created around the world? - 24

What was the verdict of the US Supreme Court case Munn vs Illinois? - states regulate railroad

What was the name of the process that turned molten iron to steel? - bessemer process

Chapter 7

People: 

Grover Cleveland - President in 1884 democratic. He tried to lower tariff rates. Laid back

Jane Addams - She was one of the most influential people in the Social Gospel Movement. She opened several Settlement Houses that helped many people.

“Big Jim” Pendergast - an Irish-American saloonkeeper, worked his way up from precinct captain to Democratic city boss in Kansas City by aiding Italian, African-American, and Irish voters in his ward. By 1900, he controlled Missouri state politics as well.

Benjamin Harrison - Grandson of President William Henry Harrison. Ran against Cleveland. His campaign was financed by large contributions from companies that wanted tariffs higher. He signed the McKinley Tariff act and Wilson Gorman Tariff. 

“Golden Door” - an imaginative door that allowed immigrants into the usa

Graft - It is the illegal use of political influence for personal gain. 

Ellis Island - The Island that let immigrants into the USA. They checked for good health and legal things. On the east side, that took european and african people. 

Angel Island - The Island that let immigrants into the USA. They checked for good health and legal things. On the West side, they took Asians from Asia. 

Chinese Exclusion Act - It banned Chinese form entry to the USA. They only accepted students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and gov officials 

Which immigration station did Asian immigrants primarily come through? - Angel Island

Which city did Boss Tweed control and profit from as Tammany Political Boss? - New York

Which city was Hull House located? - chicago

What state did “Big Jim” Pendergast control politics in? - Missouri

What were conditions like for immigrants on their journey from Europe? - Very poor

What is a graft? - It is the illegal use of political influence for personal gain. 

What was the Americanization Movement? - To make people of wide ranges of culture into the dominant culture of america. 

Which groups of people would commonly come through Ellis Island when they entered the USA? - european, africa

Which immigration station will European immigrants primarily go through? - Ellis Island

What were the problems faced by the urban poor? - Overcrowded, could not practice traditions, not clean, get diseases easily. 

What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do? - It banned Chinese form entry to the USA. They only accepted students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and gov officials 

What is Patronage? - Giving government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected. 

What was the Pendleton Civil Service Act? - It was an act that authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on a candidate's performance. 

What is a tenement? - Multi-family urban housing. They were often very small and unsanitary. 

What is a political machine? - An organized group that controls the activities of a political party in a city. It provided services to voters and businesses if they had political or financial support. 

Chapter 8

People: 

Louis Sullivan - He is an architect and he designed a ten story building called Wainwright in St. Louis. He coined the term skyscraper”A proud soaring thing”

Daniel Burnham - Designed the Flatiron building in New York’s Busiest intersection. It was 285 feet tall. It was made in 1902. 

Booker T. Washington - Prominent African American educator, He believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their value to society. 

W.E.B. Du Bois - The first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in 1895.

George Eastman - developed the first flexible film, coated in gelatin emulsions.

Wright Brothers - Were bicycle manufacturers.Experimented with engines to keep things in the air. First built a glider, then made the first airplane. 

Ida B. Wells - She was a writer who talked about racial justice

Joseph Pulitzer - A Hungarian immigrant, who had brought the NewYork World in 1883, He made things such as comics, sports coverage and women’s news. 

William Randolph Hearst - He owned the San Francisco Examiner and wanted to outdo Pulitzer by filling the New York Journal with scandals. 

Mark Twain - He is a novelist and humorist who inspired young authors, when he declared his independence of “literature and all that bosh” “Adventures of Huckleberry fin”

Terms:                                                              

What person developed an easier way to develop photographs? - George eastman

What newspaper did Joseph Pulitzer own? - New york World

What were some voting restrictions that targeted African Americans during this time period? - had to read and write and had to pay tax

What was the primary belief of Booker T. Washington? - Washington believed that acquiring different skills would lead to better jobs and have a higher value in society

What did Daniel Burnham create in NYC? - Designed the Flatiron building in New York’s Busiest intersection. It was 285 feet tall. It was made in 1902. 

What did the court case Plessy v Ferguson decide? - it was  a legal case that tried to stop segregation but the court said that it was okay and did not violate the 14th amendment.

What are Jim Crow Laws? - laws that separated white and colored people.

What was America’s greatest contribution to architecture? - skyscrapers

What was the Grandfather Clause? - it stated, even if a man failed the literacy test and failed to pay the tax, they could still vote.

What was a poll tax? - yearly tax that had to be paid before being able to vote

What was Debt Peonage? - A system that made laborers go into slavery to pay off debt. 

Chapter 9

People:

 Susan B. Anthony - A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement, Susan B. Anthony was a dedicated activist who co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association and worked tirelessly for women's rights, including the right to vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton - A prominent suffragist and social activist, Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and co-authored the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women's equality and the right to vote.

Teddy Roosevelt - The 26th President of the United States, Teddy Roosevelt was a progressive leader known for his domestic policies, including trust-busting and the establishment of national parks, as well as his role in advancing labor rights and promoting social justice.

Woodrow Wilson - The 28th President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson played a significant role in the women's suffrage movement by supporting the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, and he advocated for social reforms during his presidency.

William Howard Taft - The 27th President of the United States, William Howard Taft was known for his cautious approach to reform and his support for the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which raised certain tariffs and led to criticism from progressive factions.

Eugene Debs - 

William Jennings Bryan - 

Terms: 

Prohibition - The Banning of certain things for the goal of a better community. Example: the banning of alcoholic Beverages

Bull-Moose Party, - A progressive political party formed in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt, the Bull Moose Party aimed to promote social welfare and economic reform, advocating for issues such as women's suffrage, labor rights, and the regulation of monopolies.

 “New Freedom” Plan - Wilson’s plan

Square Deal, - Different progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt Administration. 

What are the 4 goals of Progressivism? - Protecting social welfare, Promoting Moral Improvement, Creating Economic Reform, Fostering efficiency

What goal does The Salvation Army fit under? - social welfare

What goal does the YMCA fit under? -  Social Welfare

Did the assembly line foster more efficiency? -  Fostering Efficiency

What is the significance of the 17^th amendment? - direct election of senators from the people

What did Teddy Roosevelts resume look like before becoming president? - Harvard, NY State assembly, NYC Police Commissioner Asst. secretary of US navy, GOV NewYork

What are Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton MOST known for? - NWSA

What is an example of progressives trying to improve moral development? - 

Who was president when World War 1 broke out? - woodrow Wilson

Was the Civil Rights movement largely ignored during the Progressive Era? - yes

Did Woodrow Wilson outlaw segregation during his presidency? - no

What was the background of Woodrow Wilson before becoming president? - president of princeton, gov of New Jersey, presbyterian, southerner, history professor

What amendment gives women the right to vote? -  19

What party did Teddy Roosevelt create when he did not win the Republic Nomination in 1912? - Bull Moose Party

What banking system was created under Woodrow Wilson? - Federal reserve banking system

What were the 3 “Pillars” of Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom Plan - Trusts, Tarifs, High Finance

What would the Woman’s Suffrage Movement do to gain the right to vote? - Protest

Would Woodrow Wilson win the 1912 election due to a split in the Republican vote? -  yes

Why did Taft and Roosevelt have a falling out? - The republican party did not know what to choose, and taft was too nice. 

Was Federal income tax was legalized during the Progressive Era? - yes

Chapter 10

People: 

Emilio Aguinaldo - Leader of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule and the first President of the Philippines. Help USA Military

Jose Marti - Cuban nationalist leader and a key figure in the fight for Cuban independence from Spain.

George Dewey - Commander of the United States Navy during the Battle of Manila Bay, playing a crucial role in the Philippines' fight for independence.

William Howard Taft - Governor-General of the Philippines from 1901 to 1903, he played a significant role in the American colonial administration and helped establish civil government in the Philippines.

Teddy Roosevelt - 26th president of the United States, known for his progressive policies and leadership in the Spanish-American War, which significantly impacted the course of American imperialism in the Caribbean and the Pacific.

Sanford Dole - President of the Republic of Hawaii, he was instrumental in the annexation of Hawaii to the United States and played a key role in the governance of the islands during the transition.

Queen Liliuokalani - Last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, she was overthrown in 1893 during the coup led by American business interests, which ultimately led to the annexation of Hawaii by the United States.

William McKinley - 25th president of the United States, he played a crucial role in the Spanish-American War and supported the annexation of Hawaii, which marked a significant expansion of American influence in the Pacific.

William Seward - Secretary of State under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, he was a strong advocate for American expansionism and is best known for orchestrating the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.

Terms: 

Spanish-American War - conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898, resulting in the U.S. gaining territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

DeLome Letter - a private correspondence written by Spanish Minister to the U.S. Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, which criticized President McKinley and fueled anti-Spanish sentiment in America, contributing to the outbreak of the war.

Teller Amendment - an amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain, stating that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba, emphasizing the country's commitment to Cuban independence.

Platt Amendment - a legislative rider that permitted the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs and established conditions for U.S. intervention, effectively limiting Cuban sovereignty.

Dollar Diplomacy - a foreign policy strategy employed by President Taft that aimed to secure American financial interests abroad while promoting stability in Latin America through economic intervention.

Yellow Journalism - sensationalist reporting that exaggerated news events, particularly in relation to the Spanish-American War, which fueled public support for the conflict and influenced U.S. intervention in Cuba.

What are 3 reason the US would intervene in the Spanish-American War? -

Economic interests: The U.S. sought to protect its investments in Cuba and ensure the stability of the sugar industry.

Humanitarian concerns: Reports of Spanish atrocities against Cuban rebels sparked public outrage and a desire to assist those suffering.

Strategic expansion: The war presented an opportunity for the U.S. to expand its influence in the Caribbean and the Pacific, paving the way for future territorial acquisitions.

What are 3 reasons for American Imperialism? -

Economic interests: The desire to protect investments, especially in industries like sugar in Cuba, motivated the U.S. to exert control in foreign territories.

Humanitarian concerns: Public outrage over Spanish atrocities against Cuban rebels led to a strong desire among Americans to intervene and assist those suffering.

Strategic expansion: The conflict provided a chance for the U.S. to expand its influence in the Caribbean and the Pacific, setting the stage for future territorial acquisitions.

What are the results of the Spanish-American War? - included the liberation of Cuba, the cession of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States, and the establishment of the U.S. as a major global power, marking a shift in foreign policy towards imperialism.

Who did the DeLome letter insult? - The DeLome letter insulted President William McKinley, referring to him in derogatory terms and questioning his leadership.

What is the Teller Amendment? - The Teller Amendment was a provision passed by Congress in 1898, which declared that the United States would not annex Cuba following the Spanish-American War, ensuring that the island would be free and independent.

What is the Platt Amendment? - The Platt Amendment was an 1901 amendment to the Army Appropriations Act that outlined the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Cuba and established the framework for U.S.-Cuban relations, including the right of the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and the requirement for Cuba to lease naval bases to the U.S.

Where did the US incite rebellion to help create Panama? - The U.S. incited rebellion in Panama by supporting local separatists against Colombia, which ultimately led to the establishment of Panama as an independent nation and allowed the construction of the Panama Canal.

What land did we gain from the Spanish-American war that remains a US territory? - The land gained from the Spanish-American War that remains a U.S. territory includes Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Why did the United States want to create the Panama Canal? - The United States sought to create the Panama Canal to facilitate faster maritime trade between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, reduce shipping costs, and enhance military mobility.

Is the Panama Canal considered one of the greatest industrial/engineering accomplishments in history? - Yes, the Panama Canal is widely regarded as one of the greatest industrial and engineering accomplishments in history due to its significant impact on global trade and maritime navigation.

What treaty ended the Spanish-American war? - The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1898, ended the Spanish-American War and resulted in the cession of territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.

Who was blamed for the explosion of the USS Maine? - The blame for the explosion of the USS Maine was largely placed on Spain, which fueled tensions leading to the Spanish-American War, although later investigations suggested that the cause may have been an accident.