CH 9 QUZ APUH

Bill of Rights (1791): First 10 amendments to the Constitution; guaranteed individual rights and limited government power, added to satisfy Anti-Federalists.
Judiciary Act of 1789: Created the federal court system and established the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 5 associates (first = John Jay).

Funding at Par: Hamilton’s policy to pay national debt at full value (including interest) to restore government credit.
Assumption: Hamilton’s plan for the federal government to assume state debts from the Revolution, tying states more tightly to the new nation.
Tariff (1789): Small revenue tariff on imports to raise money for federal government; also aimed to protect infant industries.
Excise Tax (1791): Tax on domestic goods, especially whiskey, which angered frontier farmers.
Bank of the United States (1791): National bank proposed by Hamilton to stabilize economy, issue currency, and hold federal deposits; opposed by Jefferson.

Strict Construction: Jeffersonian view that the Constitution should be interpreted narrowly; if not explicitly permitted, the federal government couldn’t do it.

Battle of the Wabash (1791): Worst U.S. defeat against Natives; Little Turtle’s forces destroyed St. Clair’s army.
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794): General “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeated Miami Confederacy, leading to the Treaty of Greenville.
Treaty of Greenville (1795): Natives ceded Ohio territory after Fallen Timbers in exchange for money and “protection.”

Whiskey Rebellion (1794): Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested excise tax on whiskey; Washington crushed it with federal troops, showing new gov’t’s strength.
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804): Slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture in Saint-Domingue; scared American slaveholders but inspired enslaved peoples.

Neutrality Proclamation (1793): Washington declared U.S. neutral in French Revolutionary Wars, avoiding entanglement.
Jay’s Treaty (1794): U.S. treaty with Britain: Britain agreed to leave western forts but didn’t promise to stop seizing ships; angered Jeffersonians.
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795): Treaty with Spain granting Americans navigation rights on the Mississippi River and access to New Orleans.
Farewell Address (1796): Washington’s retirement message warning against permanent alliances and political parties.

XYZ Affair (1797): French officials (X, Y, Z) demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats, sparking outrage.
Quasi-War with France (1798–1800): Undeclared naval conflict between U.S. and France in the Caribbean.
Convention of 1800: Treaty between U.S. and France ending Quasi-War and alliance from 1778; signed by Adams.

Alien Laws (1798): Federalist laws raising residency requirements for citizenship and allowing president to deport foreigners.
Sedition Act (1798): Federalist law punishing criticism of government officials; targeted Jeffersonian press.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798–99): Jefferson and Madison’s response to Alien & Sedition Acts; argued states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

George Washington: First U.S. president, set precedents, crushed Whiskey Rebellion, and warned against alliances/parties.
Alexander Hamilton: Treasury secretary; creator of financial system (funding at par, assumption, BUS, tariffs); loose constructionist.
Toussaint L’Ouverture: Leader of Haitian Revolution; former enslaved man who defeated French, Spanish, and British forces.
Little Turtle: Miami Confederacy leader who defeated U.S. forces in early Ohio Valley battles (Wabash).
“Mad Anthony” Wayne: U.S. general who defeated Miami Confederacy at Fallen Timbers.
John Jay: First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; negotiated Jay’s Treaty with Britain.
John Adams: 2nd U.S. president; kept nation out of war with France despite Quasi-War pressure; backed Alien & Sedition Acts.