APUSH LUNCH NOTES

Amerindians:

• Attempts at Autonomy (right to self-government)

  • Pueblo Revolt 1680

  • Spanish Mission System

  • Powhatan Uprising

  • King Philip’s War, Pequot War

  • Pontianc’s Rebellion

Jamestown:

• The Business of Jamestown was Business

• Anglican

• Indentured Servitude

New England:

• Puritanism

• City on a Hill

• Mayflower Compact

• Theocracy

• Dissent - Rhode Island and Connecticut, Roger Williams and Thomas Hooker

Great Awakening

• Connection to Protestant Christianity

• Belief in being Chosen

• Connection to Revolution

• Development of Universities

Enlightenment and Ideals

• Impact on the Revolution and on the Constitution

• View of Americans as having the best form of government

• Republican Motherhood

Atlantic Trade

• Silver, Sugar, Tobacco Trade

• Encomienda System

• Mercantilism (Spain is currently most wealthy)

• Atlantic Slave Trade

• British Plantation System

Labor

• Encomienda System (forced Spanish labor system)

• Atlantic Slave Trade

• Atlantic Creoles (People who speak multiple languages and are familiar with multiple cultures, and therefore can communicate with many different people)

• Indentured Servants

• By 1800 - Slavery ends in North, continues in South

NE and Middle Colonies

• Mixed economy

• Role of trade

• Role of non-plantation farming

Fr. & In. War Debt

• Acts created by England

  • Stamp Act

  • Sugar Act

  • Townshend Acts

  • Role of Mercantilism (the notion that Great Britain is going to control the economy in the colonies across seas and domestic trade and not foreign trade)

  • All of these acts are eventually repealed

Diversity in Amerindian Communities

• Impact of the environment on how Amerindians lived

• Maize

• Arid SW

• Iroquois were not a nomadic people

Columbian Exchange (DISEASE KILLS 99% of AMERINDIANS smallpox and influenza)

Impact of Disease

• “The Great Dying”

• Smallpox, Influenza

• Decimation of Amerindian populations in Caribbean and along the coast

French Use of Environment

• Fur Trade

• Settlement along waterways

Environmental Impact on Colonies

• North - Mixed economy

• South - tobacco

Proclamation Line of 1763

• Buffer zone to stop encroachment on Amerindians and also to stop warfare

Spanish and French Treatment of Amerindians: Conversions to Catholicism

English Treatment to Amerindians: Get rid of them and take their land

Religion

• Spanish and French Missions

• Puritans and theocracy in Massachusetts

• Anglicans and compulsory church in VA Maryland and the Act of Toleration First Great Awakening - connection to the American Revolution

• Idea of Separation of Church and State and Religious Freedom in RI and CT

Enlightenment

• Perfection in Government

• Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire

• Influence on the Revolution

• Common Sense - Thomas Paine Republican Motherhood

North - mixed economy

South - tobacco, indigo, rice

Economic Ideals:

• Mercantilism

• Navigation Acts 1763

• Laws of the 1760s and 1770s - Boston has right to tax people

Expansion of Slavery in Lower South

Debt - states and the Central Government       ] Critical Time Period 1780’s

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation   ] Critical Time Period 1780’s

Biggest weaknesses of Articles of Confederation: CAN NOT TAX, NO MILITARY, CAN NOT ENFORCE LAWS

Hamilton’s Financial Plan: Wanted mixed economy

• Assumption of State Debts

• Support of infant industries

• Taxes through tariffs - does two things at once

• Whiskey Tax

• Solved problems of Critical Time Period

• No income tax until Progressive Era

1787: Constitution

Interpretations:

• Federalists and Anti-Federalists

• Federalists vs the Democratic/Republicans

• VA and KY Resolutions - question the alien and sedition acts and call them unconstitutional and want the states to have the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional (overruled by Marbury v. Madison - judicial review)

Unit 1-3 Migration Review

Land Bridge/Corn

• Migration over land bridge between Asia and North America -Theory

• Slowly population migrated south and east over Western Hemisphere

• Early Agricultural Revolution - corn 8000 BCE

European Impact and Slave Trade

• European Colonization leads to large-scale European Migration

• Atlantic Slave Trade Develops in 1550 - most not to English Colonies

Indentured Servants vs. Enslaved

• Early English Colonial

• Migration - Mainly Indentured Servants

• Bacon’s Rebellion and Shift of Enslaved force labor Bacon’s Rebellion (former indentured servants who got screwed in their contract and can’t make a living, so they burn villages and riot)

Colonial Land and Migration

• Proclamation line of 1763 (French and Indian war is over, British government is having trouble on frontier, don’t cross the line of the Appalachian mountains, protected native American lands and angered colonists towards Great Britain)

Western Movement in New Republic

• Frontier vs. Coasts - Migration and what it means to be American - Turner Thesis

• Northwest Ordinance - Now Colonies - States with Equal Rights

Unit 4 Foreign Policy Review   1800 - 1848

Manifest Destiny

• Louisiana Purchase

• Texas

• Mexican American War

Foreign Policy and Slavery

• Haitian Revolution

• End of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Sort of…

• American Colonization Society - forcing African Americans to go back to Africa

• Manifest Destiny/Monroe Doctrine

Conflict

• Trade/Impressment Issues

• War of 1812

• Oregon Territory Conflict

• Mexican American War

Isolationism

• How is the US an Isolationist Nation if they issue the …

• Monroe Doctrine

• Manifest Destiny

• Mexican American War

Marshall Court

• Major cases:

  • Marbury v Madison

  • McCulloch v MD

  • Dartmouth v Woodward

  • Gibbons v Ogden

  • Fletcher v Peck

• Major Ideas:

  • Federal Supremacy over the states

  • Support the growth of business

  • Sanctity of contracts and also support capitalism

War of 1812

• War Hawks

• Impressment of Sailors

• GB in NW territory

• Embargo Act

• Hartford Convention - idea of Secession

• Birth of War Hero = > Political Leader

• Ends in statement BUT:

  • New sense of American identity and Independence Support notion of Manifest Destiny but no longer trying for Canada

• Death of Federalist Party

Era of Good Feelings

• One party system

• Henry Clay’s American System

• Missouri Compromise

Jacksonian Democracy

• Universal White Male Suffrage

• Second Party System - The Democracy (a party) and the Whigs

• “Common Man” Presidency

• Indian Removal

• Tariff Crisis

• Bank Crisis

• Pro Manifest Destiny

Reform Movements

• Abolition Movement - American Colonization Society vs. Garrison, Douglass, Nat Turner 

Unit 5 Foreign Policy

• Manifest Destiny

  • Mexican American War

  • Oregon Territory Conflict

  • Transcontinental Railroad

• Foreign Policy and Slavery

  • Mexican American War

  • Lack of European Support for Confederacy

• Conflict

  • Mexican American War

  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (ended war)

  • Civil War and Foreign Policy

Isolationism

• Commodore Perry and Japan

• US Missionaries in African and East Asia

• Social Darwinism

Migration-Transportation

• Canals

  • Funded by private investors and/or local governments

  • Erie Canal is the most profitable example 

  • C and O Canal local example

• Turnpikes

  • National Road - Federally Funded

  • Idea of connecting the USA

• Railroads

  • Most in the NE, some in the SE, then spreading West

  • Transcontinental RR - 1863-1869

Immigration From Europe

• 1820 -1840s

• Mostly from Ireland and Germany

• Nativism

  • Know Nothing Party (against immigration/ protestant)

Manifest Destiny

• Louisiana Purchase

• War of 1812

• Role of Cotton and Slavery Expansion

• Texas - Independence (1836) - Annexation (1845)

• Gold Rush (1848-1850)

  • Impact of the Compromise of 1850

• Oregon Trail, Mormon Trail, Push westward for opportunities - economic, freedom

Political Connection to Manifest Destiny

• Republican Party

  • Pushed for...

  • Homestead Act

  • Pacific RR Act

  • Morrill Land Grant Act

Asian Migration

• Increased with:

  • Gold Rush

  • Building of transcontinental railroad

  • Nativism

  • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Unit 5 Government

• Question of what to do with land gained from the US Mexican War

• Wilmot Proviso

• Compromise of 1850

Popular Sovereignty

• Stephen Douglass

• Mexican Cession

• Kansas Nebraska Act

Dred Scott and John Brown

Civil War

• Election of 1860 and Secession

• Republican control of Federal Government

Civil War Battles

• Anaconda Plan

• Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Sherman’s March to the Sea

Political Achievements During the War

• Homestead Act

• Pacific Railway Act

• Morrill Act

Reconstruction

• Three plans/Phases

• Lincoln’s 10% plan

• Presidential Plan for Reconstruction under Johnson

• Radical Republican Control

• Military Reconstruction

Lincoln’s 10% Plan/Johnson’s Plan

• A plan of Amnesty

• Johnson = Pardon, punish wealthy planters

• Veto Freedmen’s Bureau

• Black Codes put in place at state level

Radical Republican Phase

• 5 military Districts

• Military Driven

Reconstruction Amendments

• Three that you need to know:

• 13 - End Slavery

• 14 - Equal Protection Under the Law

• 15 - Voting for all male citizens

Compromise of 1877

• Election of 1876

• Hayes (Republican) vs. Tilden (Democrat)

• Virtual Tie

• Compromise:

• Allows another Republican President but end to military construction and start to Jim Crow and disenfranchisement

Unit 5 Environment Review 1850 - 1877

• Westward Migration and impact on the environment

• Citizenship

• Radical Republicans

Westward Migration

•  1862 - Homestead Act, Pacific RR Act, Morrill Land Grant Act

Transportation

• Transcontinental Railroad 1869

Growth of Cities

Manifest Destiny

Unit 5 Identity Review

• Citizenship

• Radical Republican notion of Citizenship during Reconstruction

• Labor vs. Management

• Post Reconstruction - Jim Crow and New South

Citizenship

• Before Civil War only rich, white men had full citizenship

Reconstruction and Citizenship

• Radical Republicans have notion of:

  • Freedmen’s Bureau

  • 13, 14, and 15 amendments

  • Military Reconstruction

Workers and Owners

• Labor System becoming increasingly differentiated based on Labor vs. Management

Post Reconstruction Identity

• Plessy vs. Ferguson

• Jim Crow

• Disenfranchisement

Unit 4-5 Ideas Review

Market Revolution Cont.

• Wage vs. Slave Labor

• Free Soil Party/Liberty Party

• Industrialism Grows in North

North vs. South vs. West

• Rise of Urbanization in Industrialism in North

• Strengthening on Slave System in South

• Continued Pursuit of Family Farm in West

Politics and Economics

• Rise of Early Unions

• Impact of Civil War on South

Economics and Western Movement

• Homestead Act

• Morrill Act

• Pacific Railways Act

• Completion of Transcontinental Railroad

Unit 6 Migration Review

Manifest Destiny Complete

• Transcontinental Railroad

• Homestead Act

• Morrill Act

• Reservation System

• Frederick Jackson Turner - Frontier Thesis

Migration and Immigration

• New Immigration

• Chinese Exclusion Act

• Annexation of Hawaii

• Social Darwinism

What is an American?

• Dawes Act

• New Immigration Act

• Social Darwinism

• Spanish-American War - Guam, Philippines

Unit 6 Foreign Policy

Manifest Destiny

• Alaska

• US Missionaries - China/Africa

• Transcontinental Railroad

Imperialism

• Social Darwinism

• New Imperialism

• Annexation of Hawaii

• Spanish American War

Conflict

• Spanish American War

• Conquest of the Philippines

Isolationism

• Is America Moving Away from Isolationism?

• What is an American?

• Chinese Exclusion Act

Unit 6 Government Review

• Gilded Age Politics

• Political Machine

• The Grange - Populism 

• Segregation - Jim Crow

• Government Reform - Pendleton Act and ICC

Gilded Age Politics

• Presidential Power weak in comparison to 20th-century

• Rise of third parties - most notably the Populist Party

• Local and State governments exerted a lot of control and power

  • Tammany Hall

  • Establishment of Jim Crow South

• Money and Civil Service Reform were major issues

Gilded Age Politics

Money Issues

• Greenbacks

• Goldbugs

• Free Silver!

• Free Gold!

The Political Machine

• Tammany Hall Best Example

• Use of immigrant votes to stay in power

• Graft in building new parts needed in cities

Populists

• Coming out of National Grange

• Idea of more government regulation

  • RRs, telegraph/telephone lines, electricity

  • Direct elections of senators

  • 8-hour working day

  • Graduated income tax

  • Other ideas too = help the working class

• William Jennings Bryan and the Cross of Gold Speech

Jim Crow Segregation

• State level

• Formal, codified system of racial segregation from late 1870s to the 1960s

• Impacted all aspects of daily life

  • Schools

  • Parks

  • Restrooms

  • Buses

  • Trains

  • Restaurants

  • Theatres

  • Hospitals

  • And more

Plessy v. Ferguson

• Upheld Jim Crow

• Established notion of Separate but Equal

Government Reform

• The Pendleton Act

  • Helped lead to end of patronage for certain jobs

• Social Darwinism - didn't lead to reform - but you should know - this was the prevailing view - which is why there is less government regulation

Government Reform

• The ICC - Interstate Commerce Commission

• All charges made for any service rendered or to be rendered in the transportation of passengers or property as aforesaid, or in connection therewith, or for the receiving delivering, storage, or handling of such property, shall be reasonable and just; and every unjust and unreasonable charge for such service is prohibited and declared to be unlawful.

• AKA - Regulation of the RRs

Unit 7 Economic Review

Industrialism Complete

• Technological Innovation (Edison, Taylorism, Ford)

• More people in Urban Areas than in Rural 1920

• USA's Largest Industrial Economy

Industrial Regulation

• Trust Busting

• Child Labor Laws

• FDA

• Progressive Economic Reform

• Federal Reserve

Labor Movement

• AFL vs. IWW

• Rise of Labor

• Clayton Antitrust Act 1916

• Collective Bargaining - Wagner Act

Great Depression

• Consumerism of 1920’s

• Bank Failure

• Stock Market

• Great Depression Impacts

• New Deal and Great Depression - Growth of Federal Power over the Economy

Unit 7 Ideas and Identity Review

• Major Events:

  • Imperialism - late 1800’s - 1910’s 

  • Progressivism - 1900 - 1920

  • 1920’s

  • Great Depression/New Deal 1930’s

  • WWII - 1941 - 1945 for the USA, 1939 - 1945 for the World

Early Civil Rights

• Ideas - 

  • Booker T. Washington -

    • Accommodationist

    • Cast Down your Bucket where you are

    • Tuskegee School

  • W.E.B. DuBois

    • Talented Tenth

Unit 7 Environment Review

Time Period: 1898-1945

Major Events:

Imperialism - late 1800s - 1910s

Progressivism - 1900 - 1920

1920s

Great Depression/New Deal - 1930s

WWII - 1941-1945 for the USA, 1939-1945 for the rest of the world

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Fredrick Jackson Turner Thesis

• Closing the Frontier

• Impact on Democracy

Progressive Era and Environmental Reform

• Establishment of the National Park System (Teddy Roosevelt)

• Debate over the use of lands

• Example - Hech Heche in CA

Conservation Movement

• John Muir - Sierra Club

• Protection of Natural Resources

• Began in the Progressive Era in the USA

• Different gov’t acts to set aside lands

The Jungle - Upton Sinclair

• Industrialization of Food

• Industrialization of land use for agriculture

Great Migration

• 1915-1970

• Connection to WWI and WWII and industrialization in North and Mid-West

WWII Rationing

• Conversation of resources to support war effort

• Victory Gardens

• Less use of fuel and other foods

• Less mass production for human consumption in USA

Unit 7 Ideas and Identity Review

Early Civil Rights

• IDEAS

  • Booker T. Washington:

    • Accomadiationists

    • Cast Down your bucket where you are

    • Tuskegee School

  • W.E.B Dubois

    • Talented Tenth

    • The South of Black Folk

    • Idea of Agitation - immediate action for immediate rights

      • Don’t Accept Jim Crow

Foreign Policy Ideas

• Isolationism - Idea

  • WWI, start of WWII

  • Continuation of Monroe Doctrine

  • Failure to join the League of Nations

• Other Idea - American Exceptionalism - this is also identity

  • USA safeguarding Democracy

  • Connection to Imperialism

  • Roosevelt Corollary

  • Why we got involved in Spanish American War

Progressive Reform: Conservative of Liberal

• Idea of Social Gospel Movement

  • Christian duty to help those in need

• During the Progressive Era we see actual reform with:

  • Business Regualtion (trust busting)

  • Amendments - more democracy - direct election of senators - womens suffrage - plus some

  • Economic reform in income tax

  • State level - more democracy = Wisconsin Model

  • Prohibition

  • NO Civil Rights Legislation Passed - continuation of Jim Crow

Consumerism

• With the rise of industrialization, we see more and more consumerism

• 1920’s - new technology (Radios! Cars! Vacuum Cleaners! Washing Machines!)

• Billboard and Magazine Advertising

• Connection of celebrity to advertising

• Common culture due to radios and movies

Harlem Renaissance

• Writers, Musicians, Artists

  • Duke Ellington

  • Langston Hughes

  • Zara Neale Hurston

• Ideal of African American cultural flourishing

  • Black Separatism

  • Marcus Garvey

1920’s Writers

• Common Idea of Alienation

  • Fitzgerald, Hemmingway, Stein

  • The Great Gatsby

• In the 1930s - Steinbeck

  • Grapes of Wrath, of Mice and Men

New Deal - The Arts

• WPA - New Deal Artists

• Dorothea Lange

• Plays, songs, artists

• Government Funded

WWII Ideas

• New Internationalism

• USA as an Arsenal of Democracy

• Lead into a Cold War and the USA as a World Super Power

WWII Fears

• Japanese Internment - West Coast

• Manhattan Project

Start of the Cold War

• Peace Conferences - Yalta, Potsdam

• Big Three

• Promises of Democracy in Eastern Europe

• Fall of the Iron Curtain

• Containment Policy - Truman Doctrine

• Marshall Plan

• Dropping of Atomic Bomb

• Development of Atomic Bomb in the USSR

• Fall of China to Communism

Unit 7 Migration Review

New Immigration Cont.

• New Immigration 1880-1920

• Rise in Urbanization

• Ethnic Communities

Immigration Restrictions

• Gentleman’s Agreement (Japanese out of US)

• Impact of WW1

• Red Scare

• Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924 (quota system)

What is an American?

• Integration of White Ethnic Immigrants

• Amerindians US citizenship - 1924

• WWII and Jim Crow

Internal Migration

• Great Migration 1915-1940/1970

• Dust Bowl Migration (The center of the country had droughts, and people couldn’t make a living in the great plains)

• Japanese Internment

Unit 7 Foreign Policy

New Migration

• US Open Immigration till 1920

• Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924

• US Reaction to WW1

Imperialism - 20th Century

• Spanish American War

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (CONTRAST THESE)

• Dollar Diplomacy

• Moral Diplomacy

• Red Scare

• Is Globalism the New Imperialism?

WWI

• Start of WW1

• US Entry in WW1

• Treaty of Versailles

• US Isolationism after WW1

WW2

• US Neutrality

• Four Freedoms/Atlantic Charter

• Pearl Harbor

• War on Two Fronts

• War Time Conferences

• US as Global Power

Unit 7 Government Review

Populism (No actual party member elected but VERY influential)

• Farmers and some industrial workers

  • Farmers Alliance and the Grange

• Idea that there needs to be more government involvement to help the working class

• Called for:

  • Direct Election of Senators

  • Gov’t control of the RRs, Telegraph and Telephone lines

  • 8-hour working day

  • More money in circulation - Free Silver, Greenbacks

• Willian Jennings Bryan - Cross of Gold Speech

Progressive Era

• 1900-1920

• Umbrella of many different movements and groups of people arguing for reform

• Found at every level of government

• At state level - Wisconsin Model  - Battling Bob Lafolette

• Amendments - 16-19

• TR, Taft and Wilson = all Progressive Presidents

• Government Regulation

  • Trust Busting 

  • Laws that benefited small businesses

WWI

• Reluctance to get involved - connection to the Monro Doctrine

• “Make the World Safe for Democracy”

  • Is this connected to Manifest Destiny?

• The increased role of government to direct the war effort

  • Committee of Public Information

  • Not rationing but effort to get people to support the war

  • Supreme Court - Schenk vs. USA

  • Espionage and Sedition Act - Support the War effort

Red Scare

• First Red Scare following Russian Revolution - 1917

• Belief that Communism would spread here 

• Impacted groups:

  • Immigrants, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe

  • IWW - International Workers of the World

• Palmer Raids - 1919

  • Deportation of Immigrants

League of Nations

• Part of Wilson's 14 Points

• USA does not join - afraid of entangling Alliances - think back to GW Presidency

• Purpose - open communication between countries and to promote peace

19th Amendment

• Women’s Sufferage

• Movement goes back to 1848 and the Seneca Falls Convention

• Division in these movements

  • First over issue of 15th Amendment

  • Second over role of women

    • Voting rights because of morality

    • Voting rights because equal citizens

New Deal - Rise of Liberalism

• What is the responsibility of the Government in times of Economic Crisis?

• New Deal = FDR = Relief, Recovery, Reform

• Bank Holiday

• Jobs Creation - CCC, WPA, TVA

• Government Regulation - SEC, FDIC, Glass Steagall, Wagner Act - Pro-labor

• Welfare - Social Security

• Comparison to previous Presidents' reaction to crisis

New Deal Critics

• Huey Long - Share Our Wealth

• Supreme Court

• Reaction - Court Packing

WWII before Pearl Harbor

• America First Committee

• Cash and Carry

• Lend Lease

• Quarantine Speech - cut off diplomatic relations

• Atlantic Charter

• Peacetime Draft of Soldiers

WWII after Pearl Harbor

• Homefront = Arsenal of Democracy

• Rationing

• Wage and Price Controls

• War = Two fronts - Europe and Pacific

• Japanese Internment - West Coast

• Manhattan Project