Sanitary Chemistry Supplementary Tables

Scientists Who Made Significant Contributions in Chemistry

Amadeo Avogadro

Molecular hypothesis: Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules (Avogadro's principle).
Avogadro's number: $6.0221367 \times 10^{23}$

Antoine Lavoisier

Father of Modern Chemistry
Established the law of conservation of masses
Discovered the nature of combustion

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

First person to discover the adsorption of gases by charcoal.
Discovered Mn, Cl, tartaric acid, glycerin, molybdenum, barium, and lactic acid.
Discovered oxygen in the air long before Priestley discovered oxygen.

Daniel Rutherford

Discovered Nitrogen in 1772.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Created the periodic table of elements.
Mendelevium (atomic number 101) and the crater on the moon (Mendeleev) are named after him.

Dorothy Mary Hodgkin

Confirmation of the structure of penicillin.
Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her work on the structure of Vitamin B12.

Francois Raoult

Raoult's Law: Relates vapor pressure of a solution to the number of molecules of solute dissolved in it.

Frederick Sanger

Received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1958 for his work on the structure of protein (insulin) and in 1980 for the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.

Friedrich Wöhler

Regarded as a pioneer of organic chemistry and best known for the synthesis of urea.

Fritz Haber

Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1918 for his work on ammonia.
Father of Chemical warfare.

Germain Hess

Best known for his law of Thermodynamics.

Gilbert Lewis

Discovered covalent bond, purification of heavy water, and Lewis theory of acids and bases.

Harold Clayton Urey

Best known for the discovery of deuterium and played an important role in the development of the atom bomb.
Miller-Urey experiment: Development of organic life from non-living matter.

Henri Moissan

Worked on isolating fluorine from its compounds.

Henry Cavendish

Discovered hydrogen, described the density of water, and determined the density of the earth.

Humpry Davy

Discovered several alkalis, discovered several elements like chlorine and iodine, and invented the Davy lamp (miners safety lamp).

Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff

The first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901 and was a pioneer in the field of stereochemistry.

Jacques Charles

Charle's Law.

John Dalton

Pioneer of modern atomic theory.

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

Discovered Silicon, Cesium, Thorium, and Selenium.
Along with Lavoisier, Boyle, and Dalton, he is known as Father of Modern Chemistry.

John Priestley

Best known as co-discoverer of oxygen, invented soda water, discovered HCl, NO, CO, and $SO_2$ .

Marie Curie

Discovered the radioactive elements radium and polonium, established the theory of radioactivity, and the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize.

Michael Faraday

Made significant contributions to the field of electrochemistry and electromagnetism and discovered the aromatic compound benzene.

Robert Boyle

Best known for Boyle's Law.

Svante Arrhenius

Inventor of Litmus paper.
First person to discover the effect of global warming.
His experiments focus on the effect of doubling the amount of $CO_2$ on the environment.
Made the earliest definition of the molecular nature of acids and bases.

Thomas Graham

Pioneering works on dialysis and diffusion of gases.
He is credited for the process of producing nitric acid by oxidizing ammonia.

Wilhelm Ostwald

William Ramsay

Discoverer of noble gases: Argon, Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Helium, and Radon.

William Henry Perkin

Discovered the first aniline dye (mauveine).

Complete List of States of Matter

Classical states

Solid
- Amorphous solid
- Crystalline solid
- Plastic crystal
- Quasicrystal
Liquid
- Liquid crystal
- Disordered hyperuniformity
Gas
Plasma
Colloids

Modern States

Degenerate matter
- Electron-degenerate matter
- Neutron-degenerate matter
- Strange matter
  - can be seen only in chicken eyes
Photonic matter
Quantum
- Bose-Einstein condensate
- Femionic condensate
- Superconductivity
- Superfluid
- Supersolid
- Quantum spin liquid
- String-net liquid
Supercritical fluid
Dropleton
Jahn-Tellar metal

Very high energy states

Quark-gluon plasma
- weakly symmetric matter
- strongly symmetric matter

Elements Groups

1A (1): Alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
2A (2): Alkali earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
6A (16): Chalcogens (O, S, Se, Te, Po)
7A (17): Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At)
8A (18): Noble gases (or rare gases, formerly inert gases) (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

List of Common Ions

Monatomic Cations

$H^+$ : Hydrogen
$Li^+$ : Lithium
$Na^+$ : Sodium
$K^+$ : Potassium
$Rb^+$ : Rubidium
$Cs^+$ : Cesium
$Ag^+$ : Silver
$Mg^{2+}$ : Magnesium
$Ca^{2+}$ : Calcium
$Sr^{2+}$ : Strontium
$Ba^{2+}$ : Barium
$Zn^{2+}$ : Zinc
$Cd^{2+}$ : Cadmium
$Al^{3+}$ : Aluminum
$Bi^{3+}$ : Bismuth

Polyatomic Cations

$NH_4^+$ : Ammonium
$H_3O^+$ : Hydronium

Monatomic Anions

$H^-$ : Hydride
$F^-$ : Fluoride
$Cl^-$ : Chloride
$Br^-$ : Bromide
$I^-$ : Iodide
$O^{2-}$ : Oxide
$O_2^{2-}$ : Peroxide
$S^{2-}$ : Sulfide
$N^{3-}$ : Nitride
$P^{3-}$ : Phosphide
$C^{4-}$ : Carbide
$C_2^{2-}$ : acetylide

Polyatomic Anions

$OH^-$ : Hydroxide
$CN^-$ : Cyanide
$NO_2^-$ : Nitrite
$NO_3^-$ : Nitrate
$MnO_4^-$ : Permanganate
$ClO^-$ : Hypochlorite
$ClO_2^-$ : Chlorite
$ClO_3^-$ : Chlorate
$ClO_4^-$ : Perchlorate
$CH3COO^-$ or $C2H3O2^-$ : Acetate
$CHO_2^-$ : Formate
$HCO_3^-$ : Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate
$HSO_3^-$ : Hydrogen sulfite or bisulfite
$HSO_4^-$ : Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate
$H2PO4^-$ : Dihydrogen phosphate
$SO_3^{2-}$ : Sulfite
$SO_4^{2-}$ : Sulfate
$S2O3^{2-}$ : Thiosulfate
$SiO_3^{2-}$ : Silicate
$CrO_4^{2-}$ : Chromate
$Cr2O7^{2-}$ : Dichromate
$HPO_4^{2-}$ : Hydrogen phosphate
$CO_3^{2-}$ : Carbonate
$C2O4^{2-}$ : Oxalate
$AsO_4^{3-}$ : Arsenate
$BO_3^{3-}$ : Borate
$PO_3^{3-}$ : Phosphite
$PO_4^{3-}$ : Phosphate

Metals with more than one ion

Element	Ion	Stock system	Classical (ous, ic) System
Chromium	$Cr^{2+}$	chromium(II)	chromous
	$Cr^{3+}$	chromium(III)	chromic
Cobalt	$Co^{2+}$	cobalt(II)	cobaltous
	$Co^{3+}$	cobalt(III)	cobaltic
Copper	$Cu^+$	copper(I)	cuprous
	$Cu^{2+}$	copper(II)	cupric
Iron	$Fe^{2+}$	iron(II)	ferrous
	$Fe^{3+}$	iron(III)	ferric
Lead	$Pb^{2+}$	lead(II)	plumbous
	$Pb^{4+}$	lead(IV)	plumbic
Manganese	$Mn^{2+}$	manganese(II)	manganous
	$Mn^{3+}$	manganese(III)	manganic
	$Mn^{4+}$	manganese(IV)
Mercury	$Hg_2^{2+}$	mercury(I)	mercurous
	$Hg^{2+}$	mercury(II)	mercuric
Tin	$Sn^{2+}$	tin(II)	stannous
	$Sn^{4+}$	tin(IV)	stannic

Charges, Names, and Formulas of Common Ions

Positive Ions (Cations)

+1 Charge

Formula: $NH_4^+$
- Name: Ammonium
Formula: $Cu^+$
- Name: Copper(I)
Formula: $Li^+$
- Name: Lithium
Formula: $K^+$
- Name: Potassium
Formula: $Ag^+$
- Name: Silver
Formula: $Na^+$
- Name: Sodium

+2 Charge

Formula: $Ba^{2+}$
- Name: Barium
Formula: $Ca^{2+}$
- Name: Calcium
Formula: $Cu^{2+}$
- Name: Copper(II)
Formula: $Fe^{2+}$
- Name: Iron(II)
Formula: $Pb^{2+}$
- Name: Lead(II)
Formula: $Mg^{2+}$
- Name: Magnesium
Formula: $Ni^{2+}$
- Name: Nickel(II)
Formula: $Sr^{2+}$
- Name: Strontium
Formula: $Sn^{2+}$
- Name: Tin(II)
Formula: $Zn^{2+}$
- Name: Zinc

+3 Charge

Formula: $Al^{3+}$
- Name: Aluminum
Formula: $Fe^{3+}$
- Name: Iron(III)

+4 Charge

Formula: $Pb^{4+}$
- Name: Lead(IV)
Formula: $Sn^{4+}$
- Name: Tin(IV)

Negative Ions (Anions)

-1 Charge

Formula: $C2H3O_2^-$
- Name: Acetate
Formula: $Br^-$
- Name: Bromide
Formula: $Cl^-$
- Name: Chloride
Formula: $H2PO4^-$
- Name: Dihydrogen Phosphate
Formula: $F^-$
- Name: Fluoride
Formula: $OH^-$
- Name: Hydroxide
Formula: $HCO_3^-$
- Name: Hydrogen Carbonate (bicarbonate)
Formula: $HSO_4^-$
- Name: Hydrogen Sulfate (bisulfate)
Formula: $ClO^-$
- Name: Hypochlorite
Formula: $I^-$
- Name: Iodide
Formula: $NO_3^-$
- Name: Nitrate
Formula: $MnO_4^-$
- Name: Permanganate
Formula: $SCN^-$
- Name: Thiocyanate

-2 Charge

Formula: $CO_3^{2-}$
- Name: Carbonate
Formula: $CrO_4^{2-}$
- Name: Chromate
Formula: $Cr2O7^{2-}$
- Name: Dichromate
Formula: $HPO_4^{2-}$
- Name: Hydrogen Phosphate
Formula: $O^{2-}$
- Name: Oxide
Formula: $C2O4^{2-}$
- Name: Oxalate
Formula: $SO_4^{2-}$
- Name: Sulfate
Formula: $SO_3^{2-}$
- Name: Sulfite

-3 Charge

Formula: $N^{3-}$
- Name: Nitride
Formula: $PO_4^{3-}$
- Name: Phosphate