History Unit 6/7 Test ID's

Steam Engine

• The steam engine uses heat and steam pressure to produce motion

• In industrial revolution one of the biggest advancements was the coal-fired steam engine

  • Huge source of power

  • Used to drive machines, trains and ships 

  • allowed for trade

• Then this went on to steel, iron production, railroads and steamships, food processing and construction

Guano

• The 19th century discovered Guano (seabird excrement) mostly in Europe, which was used as another fuel.

  • This was found on the coasts of Peru

  • Helped with farming (fertilizer)

  • Helped feed animals and humans all around the world

  • Huge support to the revolution

  • Great fertilizer 

  • EUropeans importing this to Europe, making better crops, and feeding more of Europe 

  • Became a war for this poop! 

Proletariat

• Urban working class

Bourgeoisie 

• Upper/middle class

  • Greater divides: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.

• made up of business owners, merchants, etc.

• owns means of production

• has materialistic values

Tsar Alexander II

• reformer

• abolished serfdom in 1861 (at the time of the U.S. Civil War)

• known as “Tsar Liberator”

• assassinated by terrorists in 1881

Russian Revolution of 1905

• forced tsar’s regime to make more real reforms

• political and social unrest directed at ruling class

• 1905 Russia lost war with Japan 

  • Soviets were formed after this to be representative councils for the workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg that had gone on strike

  • Big upheaval

• Bloody Sunday massacre

  • St. Petersburg: Imperial Guard shot at peaceful demonstrators

  • considered the start of the Russian Revolution of 1905

  • Loss in Russo-Japanese war 

Karl Marx

• German philosopher

• Developed the philosophy of Marxism

• Had socialist/communist ideas

  • Capitalism was unstable

  • Would give birth to a classless socialist society  

• co authored the Communist Manifesto

• Working class political party: Labour party: 1890s: Classical Marxism 

• Lower class bettered their wages under capitalism 

Vladimir Lenin

• Russian revolutionary

• leader of Bolshevik Revolution

• wrote “What is to be Done”

Deindustrialization

• moving away from industrialization

• decreasing industrial production

• A way to eliminate competition (British wanted to basically take over trade with their stuff)

• They would make other places dependant on them by deindustrializing 

Banana republic

• a nation whose economy is dependent on a single crop or foreign capital

• unstable government and economy

• depends on exporting natural resources

• most often used to refer to Central American nations

British Raj

• the rule of Britain in India

• lasted about a century (1858-1947)

• Example of direct colonialism

• Comes in a runs the government

• Small group of british people went to India and took the highest power in gp

Berlin Conference of 1884:

• The Berlin Conference took place between Nov 15, 1884 - Feb 26 1885 and it was a meeting between 14 countries, to help maintain peace around the competition for Africa, creating treaties and agreements amongst each other. All this occurring, without any African representation

• Otto von Bismarck (German Chancellor) called the conference

• regulated colonization of Africa

• set borders between colonies

• many of the representatives there had never even been to Africa

Cecil Rhodes

• Thought: Europeans are superior

• colonized parts of Southern Africa and incorporated them into the British Empire

• had nationalistic and imperial ideas

• Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe) is named after him

Leopold II of Belgium

• owned the Congo Free State (1885-1908)

• Congo was not a colony of Belgium; it was Leopold’s personal possession