bio chem

Biochemistry

Definitions

lons- an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge Cations - A positively charged ion Anions - Negatively charged ion

electronegativity - The tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons when forming a chemical bond

Isomers- Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms

Anabolic reactions -A metabolic process that builds larger molecules from smaller ones, typically during energy input

Catabolic Reactions- A metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process

Endergonic reactions - A reaction that requires energy to be driven "Absorbing energy in the form of work" Non-spontaneous

Exergonic reactions -A chemical reaction that releases energy, Spontaneous

Endergonic Reactions

Exergonic Reactions

Gibbs Free Energy

6G > 0

Gibbs Free Energo

Time

• Reaction is not spontaneous

• Energy is absorbed

• AG > 0

ThoughtCo.

46 <0

Time

• Reaction is spontaneous

• Energy is released

• AG < 0

Energy Diagrams

Bonding

lonic - electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged ions, or 2 atoms, occurring in ionic

atoms, Bonding pairs.

Covalent - chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between Hydrogen - Electrostatic attraction that exists between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom, Nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine)

ao nomay a (Dispersion) intermolecular force acting between atoms and molecules that and negative charge)

Did neile - an electrostatic atraction between polar molecules (region of partial positive

Importance of Water

biological processes

Aching a proclum for chemical reactione, universal solvent, and a participant in numerous Regulates body temp, accelerates biochemical reactions by providing ions Allows cells to use valuable nutrients, body needs to survive

Cohesion-attraction of molecules for, they molecute sof the same kind, strong in wang ir Adhesion- attraction of molecules of one kind ler me ecutes of a different kind, strong in water Polar vs. Non polar

Coarre uneven distribution of electical charge witin a molecule, leading to a separation of

charge and the formation of positive and negative poles. Asymmetrical

Non-polar - even distribution of electrical charge, meaning they have no positive or negative poles. Symmetrical, less than 0.4 in electro negativities. Water

Functional Groups

Phosphate (-PO4) Example-DNA, ATP, Function important in energy transfer (ATP)

Carbonyl (Ketone, aldehyde) (C=0) Example Ketone acetone, aldehydes formaldehyde, function in sugars: affects reactivity

Carboxyl (-COOH) examples fatty acids, amino acids, function acts as an acid, found in organic acids

HydroxyL (-OH) example glucose, function in alcohols and sugars; polar and helps solubility Amino (-NH2) example amino acid function acts as a base; forms peptide bonds Macromolecules

Carbohydrates Monomer- monosaccaride (Glucose, frutose)

Polymer- Disaccharide (Sucrose- glucose+frutose)

Polysaccharide-starch, cellulose, glycogen

Function- short-term energy storage, structural support in plants (Cellulose)

Eats (Lipids) - not true polymers but made from glycerol+fatty acids

Examples- Triglyceride= 1 glycerol+3 fatty acids

Phospholipid- call membrane

Steroids - cholesterol

Function- long-term energy storage, insulation, hormones, membranes

Nucleic acids Monomer-nucleotide= phosphate-sugar (Ribose/Deoxyribose) +nitrogenous base (A, T,C,G)

-Polymer - DNA/RNA (oined by phosphodiester bonds)

Function- store and transmit genetic information

Protein- Monomer- amino acid (20)

Polymer- polypeptide (joined by peptide bonds)

Examples (amylase), structural proteins (Collagen)

Function- catalyze reactions, build tissues, transport molecules

Monomers

Monosaccharide (carbohydrate)- Simple sugars, most basic unit of carbohydrates stucture C6H1206

Exsamples- glucose (Main energy source), fructose (fruit sugar), galactose(part of lactose)

Function- quick energy source, can join form disaccharides(sucrose) and

polysaccharides(starch, cellulose)

Farty acids/Lipids)- long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end Structure- saturated- fatty acids, no double bonds, solid, butter Unsaturated- fatty acids, have double bonds, liquid, olive oil insulation and protection

Fisuction- combine with glycerol to from rigycerides, long term energy source, provide Examples- stearic acid

Glycero|(Lipids)- a 3-carbon alcohol with 3 hydroxyl (-OH) groups (C3H803)

Function- binds with 3 fatty acids to form triglycerides via ester bonds, backbone of phospholipids in cell membrane

Nucleotides (Nucleic Acids) - the building blocks of DNA and RNA

Structure- 3 parts- phosphate group- Sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA, Ribose in RNA) - Nitrogenous base (DNA, A, T,C,G), RNA (A,U,C,G)

Function- store and transmit genetic info

ATP (Modified nucleotide) stores energy

Examples- ATP, DNA nucleotides

Amino Acids(Proteins) - organic compounds that link together to form proteins

Structure- central carbon (c), amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), hydrogen atom, R-group (amino acids)

Function- link via peptide bonds to form polypeptides, build proteins which do everything from enzyme action to muscle movement.

Example- Glycine, alanine

Polymers

Polysaccharide (Monosaccharides) - Bond type - glycosidic bonds

Structure- long chains of sugar units

Examples- starch(energy storage in plants), Glycogen(energy storage in animals),

Cellulose(structural component of plant cell walls)

Function- long-term energy storage, structure/support in plants

Triglyceride (not true polymer) Monomers- 1 glycerol+ 3 fatty acids Bond type- ester bonds

Structure- glycerol backbone+3 fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated Function- long-term energy storage, insulation and protection or organs

Examples- Fats(solid, butter), Oils(liquid, olive oil)

Nucleic Acids> DNA. RNA. ATP Bond type- phosphodiester bonds

Structure-long chains of nucleotides, DNA (double strand), RNA (single)

Function-DNA (stores genetic info), RINA (transfers genetic info and helps in protein synthesis), ATP (a single nucleotide used as an energy molecule)

Examples- DNA (deoxyribonucleic), RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Bonds/Functional Group?

Carbohydrates- monomer- monosaccharide (glucose)

Polymer- Polysaccharide (Starch, cellulose)

Glycosidic bond- covalent bond formed between 2 sugar molecules through dehydration Hydroxy (-OH, one (-OH) group reacts with another (-OH) on another, water is removed and bonds form.

Lipids -Monomer - glycerol+3 fatty acids

Polymer- triglyceride (not true but formed via bonding)

Ester bond- formed between a fatty acid's carboxyl group and glycerol's

hydroxyl group through dehydration synthesis

Hydroxyl (-OH) from glycerol

Carboxyl (-COOH) from fatty acids

Proteins -monomer- amino acids

Polymer- polypeptides(proteins)

Peptide bond- a covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino acid group of another

Amino group (-NH2)

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

The -COOH of one amino acid reacts with the -NH2 of another to form peptide bonds and releases water

Cell membrane

Flunso selective barrier, controls what enters and leaves the call, maintains homeostasis, Structure- Fluid Mosaic Model

Structure munication between olS, provines strue as uplin orthe celo

Phospholipids- form a bilayer, hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, creates semipermeable barrier

Proteins- embedded in the membrane (Integral, Peripheral, transport, communication, enzymes

Cholesterol- lipid molecules scattered within the bilayer, adds stability and fluidity Carbohydrate Chains- attached to proteins/lipids, cell recognition, signalling

Phospholipid Bilayer

Hydrophilic head- water loving, faces outside towards water (extracellular fluid) and inside towards cytoplasm

Hydrophobic Tails- water fearing, made of 2 fatty acid chains, face inward, away from water, forming a non-polar interior

Allows small, non-polar molecules (02, CO2) to pass freely Blacks large or charged molecules without help

Movement through Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, transport can be passive (No energy) or active (Requires energy)

Passive Transport - No energy needed

Diffusion- movement of small, non-polar molecules directly across the phospholipid bilayer, no protein or energy needed, continues until equilibrium in reached

Osmosis- diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane, water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration Isotonic- equal, no net movement, cell stays the same Hypotonic-lower, into the cell, cell swells Hypertonic-higher, out of the cell, cell shrinks

Facilitated diffusion- movement of large or charged molecules (glucose, ions) through protein channels/carriers, still passive, moves with concentration gradient

Active Transport - requires energy

Moves substances against the concentration gradient (low to high)

Protein pumps- use ATP to pump molecules across membrane (Na+/k+ pump)

Bulk transport- very large molecules, involves vesicles and ATP to move materials in or out of

the cell

Endocytosis- into the cell

Phagocytosis- cell eating- large particles (Bacteria)

Pinocytosis- cell drinking- liquids/small particles are taken in Exocytosis- out of cell

Vesicles fuse with the membrane to release materials (hormones, waste)

Enzymes

Biological catalyst, proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being used up

1. Substrate(reactant) fits into the enzymes active site

3.

Lowers the activation energy needed for reaction Reaction happens quickly-> products are released

4. The enzymes remains unchanged and can be reused

Factors- temp (too high denatures, changes shape)

PH- each enzyme has an optimal PH (Pepsin PH2)

Substrate concentration- more substrate means faster reaction.

Amylase- starch makes maltose(sugar) mouth, small intestine

Pepsin- proteins makes peptides, stomach

Lipase- fats (Lipids) makes glycerol+ fatty acids, small intestine Lactase- Lactose makes glucose+ galactose, small intestine

DNA polymerase- DNA nucleotides makes new DNA strand, nucleus

ATP synthase- ADP+phosphate makes ATP, mitochondria