lecture recording on 28 October 2024 at 11.09.06 AM for APP Quiz 4
H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori): A gram-negative bacterium associated with gastric mucosa.
Gastric Pits: Invaginations in the stomach lining containing various secretory cells.
Parietal Cells:
Secrete Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Intrinsic Factor.
Chief Cells:
Produce Pepsinogen, which is converted to Pepsin by HCl to digest proteins.
Enterochromaffin-like Cells:
Secrete Histamine, which stimulates parietal cells to release HCl.
G Cells:
Secrete Gastrin, a hormone that stimulates acid production and triggers enteroendocrine cells to release other hormones.
Gastrin stimulates:
Parietal Cells: Increase HCl production.
Enterochromaffin-like Cells: Release additional hormones leading to more HCl secretion.
Chief Cells: Enhances pepsin production.
Familiarize with common antiemetics and their classes, as they will appear on tests.
Portal Vein: Brings nutrients and deoxygenated blood from the intestines to the liver.
Inferior Vena Cava:
Collects blood from the liver to return it to the heart, entering through the right atrium.
CYP 3A4:
Important cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in phase 1 metabolism for over 50% of drugs.
Operates in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes, adding polar groups to drugs.
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide):
Both are incretins that stimulate insulin production and release from the pancreas.
Short-lived naturally, but extended through pharmacological modulation.
Bile Acids/Bile Salts:
Derived from cholesterol; composed of hydroxyl groups and a steroid backbone.
GERD occurs due to:
Insufficient closure of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing gastric acid to enter the esophagus, causing heartburn.
H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori): A gram-negative bacterium associated with gastric mucosa.
Gastric Pits: Invaginations in the stomach lining containing various secretory cells.
Parietal Cells:
Secrete Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Intrinsic Factor.
Chief Cells:
Produce Pepsinogen, which is converted to Pepsin by HCl to digest proteins.
Enterochromaffin-like Cells:
Secrete Histamine, which stimulates parietal cells to release HCl.
G Cells:
Secrete Gastrin, a hormone that stimulates acid production and triggers enteroendocrine cells to release other hormones.
Gastrin stimulates:
Parietal Cells: Increase HCl production.
Enterochromaffin-like Cells: Release additional hormones leading to more HCl secretion.
Chief Cells: Enhances pepsin production.
Familiarize with common antiemetics and their classes, as they will appear on tests.
Portal Vein: Brings nutrients and deoxygenated blood from the intestines to the liver.
Inferior Vena Cava:
Collects blood from the liver to return it to the heart, entering through the right atrium.
CYP 3A4:
Important cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in phase 1 metabolism for over 50% of drugs.
Operates in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes, adding polar groups to drugs.
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide):
Both are incretins that stimulate insulin production and release from the pancreas.
Short-lived naturally, but extended through pharmacological modulation.
Bile Acids/Bile Salts:
Derived from cholesterol; composed of hydroxyl groups and a steroid backbone.
GERD occurs due to:
Insufficient closure of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing gastric acid to enter the esophagus, causing heartburn.