Ancient Civilizations of Mesopotamia

The Fertile Crescent covers the contemporary territories of Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestina, Syria, Kuwait, Turkiye, and Iran.

Sumer was established as the first civilization in southern Mesopotamia around $5500$ BKP.
Major city-states included Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Sippar, Girsu, and Lagash.
The Sumerians introduced advancements in agriculture, technology, irrigation, a writing system, and stepped structures called ziggurat.
Each city typically housed more than $10\,000$ residents.
Due to constant leadership struggles and the lack of a centralized government, the city-states were conquered by the Akkadians in $2300$ BKP.

This empire was founded by Semitic groups in western Mesopotamia, with the city of Akkad serving as its center.
Sargon the Great established the first empire in world history in $2334$ BKP by unifying various city-states.
The Akkadians utilized the Akkadian language and improved trade, administration, and the spread of Sumerian culture.
Internal and external attacks eventually led to the empire's fall and its transition to Babylonia in $1700$ BKP.

Babylonia emerged in southeastern Mesopotamia and rose to power under King Hammurabi starting in $1792$ BKP.
The region became a prominent center for literature, arts, and science.
The Kodigo ni Hammurabi was created during this period, representing one of the first systematic legal codes in history.

Located in northern Mesopotamia, the Assyrians were noted for their organized government and military power.
Territorially expanded from the $9^{th}$ to the $7^{th}$ century BKP into regions including Lebanon.