APHUG Vocab 3

ACCULTURATION The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

ANIMISM Most prevalent in Africa and the Americas, doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and other supernatural powers.

ARTIFACT Any item that represents a material aspect of culture.

BUDDHISM System of belief that seeks to explain ultimate realities for all people - such as the nature of suffering and the path toward self-realization.

CASTE SYSTEM System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in the caste system in their next life through their actions. Or they may worsen. Many from abroad know they may be relieved from the cycle of life and win their place in heaven.

CHRISTIANITY The world's most widespread religion. Christianity is a monotheistic, universal religion that sends missionaries to expand its members worldwide. The three major categories of Christianity are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox.

CREOLE A pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it.

CULTURAL COMPLEX The group of traits that define a particular culture.

CULTURAL EXTINCTION Obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation, or a combination of the three.

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY The subfield of human geography that looks at how cultures vary over space.

CULTURAL HEARTHS Locations on the earth's surface where specific cultures first arose.

CULTURAL IMPERIALISM The dominance of one culture over another.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM Understanding a culture on its own terms, rather than judging it by the standards or customs of one's own culture.

CULTURAL TRAITS The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.

CULTURE A body of learned beliefs, traditions, and guides for behavior shared among members of a particular society. Culture is ordinarily learned from other people as a group, ideology, behavior, technology, and government.

CUSTOMS Practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group.

DENOMINATION A particular religious group, usually associated with differing Protestant belief systems.

DIALECTS Geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from the parent form.

DIASPORA People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity.

ESPERANTO A constructed international auxiliary language incorporating aspects of numerous linguistic traditions to create a universal means of communication.

ETHNIC CLEANSING The systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide.

ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOOD An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background.

ETHNIC RELIGION Religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and that does not seek new converts.

ETHNICITY Refers to a group of people who share a common identity.

ETHNOCENTRISM An evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions of one's own cultural standards and customs.

EVANGELICAL RELIGION Religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system.

FUNDAMENTALISM The strict adherence to a particular doctrine.

GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX A United Nations index, introduced in 2010, which measures a country's loss of achievement due to gender inequality, based on reproductive health, empowerment, and general employment.

GENOCIDE A premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group.

GHETTO A segregated ethnic area within a city.

GLOBAL RELIGION Religions in which members are numerous and widespread and whose doctrines might appeal to different people from any region of the globe.

HINDUISM A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system.

INDIGENOUS CULTURE Refers to a constellation of cultural practices that form the sights, smells, sounds, and rituals of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed.

INDO-EUROPEAN Language family containing the Germanic and Romance languages that includes languages spoken by about 50% of the world's people.

ISLAM A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad.

ISOGLOSSES Geographical boundary lines where different linguistic features meet.

JUDAISM The first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of ethnic identity, and its adherents tend to form tight-knit communities wherever they live.

LANGUAGE EXTINCTION This occurs when a language is no longer in use by any living people. Thousands of languages have become extinct over the eons since language first developed, but the process of language extinction has accelerated greatly during the past 300 years.

LANGUAGE FAMILY A collection of many languages, which came from the same original tongue long ago, that have similar words and grammar.

LANGUAGE GROUP A set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics.

LITERACY The ability to read and write.

LOCAL CULTURE A set of common experiences or customs that shapes the identity of a place and the people who live there. Local cultures often reflect the subjects of preservation or economic development efforts.

LOCAL RELIGIONS Religions that are spiritually bound to particular regions.

MINORITY A racial or ethnic group smaller than and differing from the majority race or ethnicity in a particular area or region.

MISSIONARY A member of a particular faith who travels in order to recruit new members into the faith represented.

MONOTHEISM The worship of only one god.

MULTICULTURAL Having to do with many cultures.

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE Language in which all government business occurs in a country.

PIDGIN Language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet. The pidgin has some characteristics of each language.

PILGRIMAGE A journey to a place of religious importance.

POLYGLOT A multilingual state.

POLYTHEISM The worship of more than one god.

POP CULTURE (OR POPULAR CULTURE) Dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; and producing and consuming machine-made goods.

RACE A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns, or genetically inherited characteristics.

ROMANCE LANGUAGES Any of the languages derived from Latin, including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.

SINO-TIBETAN Language area that spreads through most of Southeast Asia and China and comprises Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Korean.

STIMULUS DIFFUSION When a specific cultural element is shunned by another culture, but gives rise to a new and unique form.

SYNCRETIC Traditions that borrow from both the past and present.

TOPONYMS Place names given to certain features on the land, such as settlements, terrain features, and streams.

TRADITION A cohesive collection of customs within a cultural group.

TRANSCULTURATION The expansion of cultural traits through diffusion, adoption, and other related processes.

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGION Religion that seeks to unite people from all over the globe.