Notes on Silver and the Spanish Empire

Silver has been utilized for millennia for ornaments, utensils, trade, and as currency.
Its isolation dates back to approximately 3000 ext{ BC}.
Properties of pure silver:
- Whitest color among all metals.
- Highest optical reflectivity.
- Highest thermal and electrical conductivity.
Silver halide ( ext{AgCl}) is photosensitive, historically used in photographic film.
Industrial applications include mirrors, electrical and electronic products, and photography (formerly its largest use).
Its catalytic properties are valuable in oxidation reactions, such as producing formaldehyde from methanol and air using silver screens or crystallites.
While once prominent in coins and jewelry, silver is now predominantly used for industrial purposes, with increasing use in photovoltaics (solar energy).

In 2010-2023, the top five silver producers were Mexico, Peru, China, Russia, and Chile.
Global annual production reached 1 ext{ billion ounces}.

Historical data and forecast trend lines show fluctuations in silver prices, with predictions for 2021 indicating continued volatility.

Discovery:
- Discovered by Indian Diego Hualpa in 1544.
- The legend states he found a rivulet of silver after making a fire while chasing llamas, causing rock to melt.
- In Quechua, it was known as "Orcko Potocchi," meaning "hill where silver flows."
Location and Significance:
- Located at an elevation of 15,000 ext{ feet}, making it the world's highest city with a population over 100,000.