Grade 9 History Vocabulary Flashcards
HISTORY
1. Overview of Historical Periods
- Prehistory: Extends from 3 million years ago to 3000 BC.
- Paleolithic: 3 million years to 10,000 BC.
- First human species: Appearing 2.5 million years ago.
- Use of fire: Major milestone in human evolution.
- Neolithic: Begins around 10,000 BC; marks the beginning of agriculture.
- Ancient Age: 3000 BC to 476 AD; marked by significant developments in human civilization.
- Medieval Age: 476 AD to 1492 AD; significant changes including the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
- Modern Age: 1492 to 1789 AD; characterized by exploration and globalization.
- Contemporary Age: 1789 AD to 2011 AD; includes events like the French Revolution and the discovery of America.
2. Care for Textbook
- Ownership and maintenance guidelines for textbook:
1. Cover with protective materials (e.g., plastic).
2. Store in a clean, dry place.
3. Ensure clean hands while handling it.
4. Do not write on it or tear pages.
5. Use bookmarks instead of pens or pencils.
6. Repair torn pages with tape.
7. Pack carefully in your school bag.
8. Handle with care when passing to others.
9. For new books, open gently and only a few pages at a time.
10. Maintain in good condition to ensure longevity.
3. Contributors and Copyright Information
- Textbook developed by Hawassa University, edited and illustrated by various experts, and published by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia's Ministry of Education.
- Supported by multiple international organizations under the General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity (GEQIP-E).
- © 2023, all rights reserved; prohibits unauthorized reproduction and transmission.
4. Table of Contents
- Unit 1: The Discipline of History and Human Evolution
- Unit 2: Ancient World Civilizations up to c. 500 AD
- Unit 3: Peoples and States in Ethiopia to the end of 13th century
- Unit 4: The Middle Ages and Early Modern World, c. 500 to 1750s
- Unit 5: Peoples and States of Africa to 1500
- Unit 6: Africa and the Outside World 1500-1880s
- Unit 7: States, Principalities, Population Movements and Interactions in Ethiopia, 13th to Mid-16th C.
- Unit 8: Political, Social, and Economic Processes in Ethiopia Mid-16th C to Mid-19th C
- Unit 9: The Age of Revolutions 1750s to 1815
- Glossary of important terms.
UNIT 1: The Discipline of History and Human Evolution
1.1 Meaning of Prehistory and History
- History: Derived from Greek "Istoria", meaning inquiry or account of inquiries. Studying human actions and events.
- Prehistory: Time before writing; studied by archaeologists and anthropologists; focuses on humans' interactions with their environment and how they produced necessities like food.
- Historical Facts: Proven information known about the past.
1.2 The Discipline of History
- Importance of History: Helps understand national/international issues, develops research skills, fosters critical thinking, preserves the past and societal development.
1.2.1 Historiography
- Definition: Study of how knowledge of the past is attained and transmitted. Historians select topics to study and interpret facts objectively.
- Key Figures: Herodotus (father of history), Thucydides, Leopold von Ranke (father of modern historiography).
1.2.2 Sources of History
- Types of Sources: Primary (contemporary with events) and secondary (derived from primary sources). Primary sources include artifacts, documents, letters, and photographs, while secondary sources include articles, biographies, and textbooks.
1.2.4 Dating in History
- Purpose of Dating: Establishing the timeline of historical events; using BC and AD or Ethiopian calendar references.
UNIT 2: Ancient World Civilizations up to c. 500 AD
2.1 Ancient Civilizations of Africa
- Egypt: Unified around 3200 BC; relied on agriculture from the Nile Valley.
- Economic activities: Trading, agriculture.
- Cultural practices: Polytheism; mummification.
- Architecture: Pyramids, temples, hieroglyphs were significant cultural artifacts.
2.1.2 Nubia
- Economy: Based on agriculture and trade; notable for metal technology and trade.
- History: Conquered by Egypt periodically; known for riches in metal.
2.2 Civilizations in Asia
2.2.1 Mesopotamia
- Sumerians: First civilization in Mesopotamia; established cities, writing (cuneiform), advancements in astronomy, medicine.
2.3 Ancient Civilizations of Latin America
- Maya: Achievements in architecture, astronomy, and calendar development.
UNIT 3: Peoples and States in Ethiopia and the Horn to the end of 13th C.
3.1 Languages, Religions and Peoples of Ethiopia
3.1.1 Language Families
- Major Families: Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan, each with specific divisions like Cushitic, Semitic, and Omotic.
3.1.2 Major Religions
- Indigenous Religions: Focused on local beliefs; elaborate practices and reverence towards ancestors.
- Christianity: Introduced in 330 AD by Frumentius; became state religion.
- Islam: Established trade connections and emerged in political economy due to trade dynamics.
UNIT 4: The Middle Ages and Early Modern World
4.1 The Middle Ages in Europe
4.1.1 Dark Age
- Timeframe: 500-1000 AD; decline of Greco-Roman civilization; rise of feudalism.
4.1.3 Byzantine Empire
- Dynamic Political structure; continued Roman traditions, significant architectural features, trade-based economy.
UNIT 5: Peoples and States of Africa to 1500
5.1 Languages and Peoples
- Connectivity among diverse African states via languages and trade; languages categorized into four families.
5.5 Equatorial, Central, and Eastern Africa
- Flourishing states; significant social structures influenced by migration patterns and trade.
UNIT 6: Africa and the Outside World
6.2 Slavery
- Historical context of slavery in Africa; significance in economic and social contexts.
6.3 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
- Triangular trade highlighted as a pivotal global change; economic implications for both Africa and Europe.
UNIT 7: States, Principalities, Population Movements in Ethiopia
7.1 Solomonic Dynasty & the Christian Kingdom
- Political evolution after the Zagwe dynasty; legacies from legends.
7.4 Political and Socio-Economic Conditions
- Description of various states like Kafa, Hadiya, and their significance.
UNIT 8: Political, Social, and Economic Processes
8.2 Gondarine Period
- Key features of political power centralized in Gondar with continuity of Aksumite traditions and architectural developments.
UNIT 9: The Age of Revolutions
9.2 French Revolution
- Transformative period; analysis of its causes (often linked to social unrest) and far-reaching consequences on European society.
9.3 Napoleonic Era
- Major reforms instituted, how these reforms impacted France and influenced future governmental structures.
GLOSSARY
- Abba Gadaa: prime councilor in Oromo system.
- Hieroglyphics: early Egyptian writing system.
- Gadaa: socio-political organization of the Oromo.
- Sera: cultural norms in Sidama society.