Election 0f 1800 and Jefferson’s 1st Administration

Jefferson took over as president from John Adams in 1800. He was moderate who was willing to work with the Federalists.

French Architect Pierre L’Enfant designed the new capital (Washington, which moved from NY in 1800), which radiated out from the capital building.
In reality, Washington’s population was relatively small throughout the 19th century.
Jefferson dressed simply, didn’t put on a show.
Addition to politics and diplomacy, he was an active architect, educator, inventor, scientific farmer, and philosopher scientist.
Jefferson slowly replace nearly all members of the government with people from his republican party.
Jefferson’s republican party increased its majority control of both houses of congress when he re-won the presidency in 1804.

Date: 09/03/20XX

Federalists tripled government expenditures between 1793 and 1800.
Hamilton imposed the whiskey excise tax.
With the help of Secretary of the Treasury Alber Galatin, the Jefferson administration worked with Congress to abolish internal taxes, cutting the federal debt from $83 mil -> $45 mil during the Jefferson presidency.
Jefferson reduced the size of the military, fearing that a large army could jeopardize civil liberties, but he established the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802.
During the 1780s and 1790s, the U.S. had been paying tribute to the Barbary Pirates (Northern Africa).
After a declaration of war by the Barbary pirates in 1801 (by the Pasha), Jefferson built up the American fleet, and reached an agreement with the Barbary pirates in 1805.

The Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed by Republicans to get rid of Federalist judges appointed by John Adams (“Midnight Appointments”).
In 1796, the court upheld the validity of a law passed by the legislature, but it had not yet declared an act unconstitutional (“Judicial Review”).
Marbury v. Madison was a key Supreme Court decision.
By nullifying the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Marbury v. Madison decision implicitly stated that the Supreme Court had the right to invalidate acts of Congress.
John Marshall, a Federalist, was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court that issued the Marbury v. Madison decision. That decision and others during his tenure established the Supreme Court as coequal to the Executive and Legislative, even though the founders never clearly indicated that it should have that role.
Jefferson urged Congress to impeach judges (Federalists) he didn’t like, including Federalist Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase.
Supreme Court Justice Chase was impeached in 1805, but not convicted. This non-conviction strengthened the judiciary and made it less subject to political attack.

Horse racing started in the American colonies in Garden City, Long Island in 1665, ans soon after spread throughout the colonies.Kentucky- whose native bluegrass was early recognized as ideal for grazing horses- had 8 tracks by 1800.
White aristocrats controlled the racing industry, but slaves, feed blacks, and poor whites often trained and rode horses.
At the Union race course in Long Island, famous races between northern and souther horses were held.
Blacks continued to be significant participants in the sports, but were eventually driven out by racism by around 1900.
In the late 19th century, race tracks formalized betting, which was popular among the lower and middle classes.

Doubling the National Domain

Napoleon Bonaparte was French emperor was emperor while Thomas Jefferson (gifted architecture) was president.

Napoleon, hoping to restrengthen a French empire in North America, signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, which granted the lands in the Mississippi Valley and New Orleans to the French.
France owned sugar riched and strategically valuable West-Indian islands (Santo Domingo), but was having problems with slave revolts, inspired by the French revolution (Toussaint L’Overture).
Jefferson was initially pro-France and even offered to help France put down a slave rebellion in the West-indies, but Jefferson’s opinion began to change when he heard that the Louisiana territory was changed from Spain to France.
Jefferson got more sus(picious) when in 1802, New Orleans stopped allowing American ships to transfer their cargo to ocean-going vessels.
Jefferson faced a dilemma: Start a war with France to open up the port of New Orleans or lose political support from the powerful merchants. In response, Jefferson asked the American ambassador to Paris, Robert Livingston, to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory.
In addition, Jefferson persuaded congress to expand the army and build a river fleet. This put pressure on Napoleon to accept the sale of the territory of the United States.
Likewise, Napoleon’s army in North America was weakened because of a yellow fever epidemic and trouble sending in reinforcements.

The Louisiana Purchase (199-200)

Napoleon offered to sell, not just New Orleans, but the Louisiana territory as well. Livingston accepted in 1803.
The U.S. bought the Louisiana Purchase for $80 million francs ($15 million dollars). The U.S. also granted shipping privileges to Frances out of the port of New Orleans and granted equal rights to the residents in the acquired territory.
Jefferson was unsure about wether the constitution permitted him to accept a land purchase, but was persuaded that land purchases were included in the ability to make treaties.
Congress made this purchase assuming that the land would become states, starting with the state of Louisiana in 1812.

Lewis and Clark Explore the West (200-201)

From 1804-1806, Jefferson appointed Lewis & Clark, who explored along the Missouri River and into Washington State with their guide Sacajawea.
Jefferson also asked an explorer names Zebulon Montgomery Pike to explore the area north of St. Louis as well as the areas south and west of St. Louis from 1805-1806.

Burr Conspiracy (201-202)

Extreme Federalists in Massachusetts, the “Essex Junto”, wanted to leave the union, but NY Federalists, Alexander Hamilton, refused to join.
Federalist Aaron Burr ran against Alexander Hamilton for NY Governor. Hamilton kept gossiping about Burr, so Burr challenged him to a duel.
Hamilton lost the duel and 😵in 1804.
Burr left NY in order to avoid murder charges. 🏃 He moved west and plotted to seize Mexico from Spain. 🇲🇽There were rumors that he wanted to break off the SouthWest of the United States.
Jefferson believed the rumors, and Burr was arrested 🚔 as a traitor, but later acquitted.
The Burr incident highlighted the weakness of a weak central government in a growing United States.