Chapter 5

Compartments of eukaryotic cells and what is in them: external (glycocalyx and appendages), internal (cytoplasm, nucleus, etc.), Boundary (cell wall and membrane)

Macroscopic fungi: mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

Microscopic fungi: molds, yeasts

Yeast cells are what shape and how do they reproduce: round; asexually

Hyphae: threadlike cells

Pseudo hyphae: chains of yeast that look like hyphae

Dimorphic fungi cells: can be in a yeast cell or hyphae form

Saprobe: obtain substrates from dead organisms

Parasites: obtain substrates from live organisms

Mycelium: Mass if hyphae that makes up body or colony of mold

Septa: hyphae divided into segments or cross wall

Spores: fungal reproductive bodies

Types of growth in fungi: growth of hyphae; fragmentation (separated piece of mycelium) ; primary reproductive mode (spore formation)

Sporangiospores: formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium (sac)

Conidiospores/Conidia: free spores not enclosed by sac

Purpose of sexual spores: genetic variation

Identification of fungi: asexual spore forming structures; hyphal type; colony texture; etc.

Primary pathogenic fungi: attack healthy people

Opportunistic pathogenic fungi: attack sickly people

Other medical conditions caused by fungi: allergies and neurological conditions due to toxins

Fungal spores are ____ while bacterial spores are ____: reproductive and nonreproductive

Fungi are ___ to corn and grain: pathogenic

Subkingdoms of Protista: Algae and Protozoa

Protist: any unicellular or colonial organism lacking tissues

Algae and protozoa exhibit all/most ____ organelles: eukaryotic

Plankton are the _____ version of algae: freshwater

Most protozoa are _____ to humans: harmless

Protozoa are heterotrophic and are either ___ or _____: free-living or parasitic

Locomotion in protozoa: pseudopods, flagella, cilia

Life Cycle of protozoan: trophozoite, cell dries and losses motility, cell matures into a cyst

Trophozoite: motile/feeding stage requires food and moisture

Cyst: dormant stage formed during unfavorable conditions; pathogenic

Some protozoan can exist only exist as ___ or can __ and this dictates ______:trophozoite or alternate and transmission

Protozoans can reproduce: by mitosis, fission, or sexual reproduction

Flagellar Protozoa: single nucleus, syngamy, form cysts and free living

Amoeboid Protozoa: mostly amoeba, fission, uninucleate, encyst, free-living and non infectious

Cilia Protozoans: cilia tufts, encyst, macro and micronuclei, transverse fission, free-living and harmless

Parasitology: study of protozoa and helminths

Pathogenic Flagellar Protozoa: Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping disease) , Trypanosoma cruzi (chagas disease); long crescent shaped with one flagella

Pathogenic Amoeboid Protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica (ingestion of human feces)

Parasitic Helminths: tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, all can become meters long

General Worm Morphology: developed reproductive tract; primitive organ systems; thick cuticle; mouth glands

Life Cycle of Parasitic Helminth: Egg, Larval (intermediate host), Adult (definitive host)

Nematode sexes have ______ reproductive morphology: different

Trematodes sexes have ______ reproductive morphology: hermaphroditic

Cestodes sexes have ____ reproductive morphology: hermaphroditic

How do humans become infected by parasitic helminths?: ingestion or broken skin

Enterobius vermicularis: pinworm

Helminth Classification: shape, size, organ complexity, mode of reproduction, hosts, eggs and larvae