2.2 Genes, cell division and regulation

Page 1: Reflection Piece Options

• Option 1: The Double Helix

  • Watch LIFE STORY: The Race for the Double Helix

    • Explore the discovery of DNA's structure

    • Highlight the role of women in STEM during the 1950s

• Option 2: CRISPR and the Slice to Survive

  • Discuss CRISPR technology and its applications

    • Combat invasive species

    • Fight diseases

    • Enhance biodiversity

    • Help organisms survive global warming

  • Reflect on the ethics of using CRISPR

    • Potential benefits

    • Potential dangers

Page 2: DNA Replication

• Components of DNA Replication

  • Template Strands

  • Replication Fork

  • Enzymes

    • DNA Polymerase

    • DNA Primase

    • DNA Ligase

    • Helicase

  • Strands

    • Leading Strand (3' to 5')

    • Lagging Strand (5' to 3')

  • Okazaki Fragments

Page 3: Genes, Cell Division, and Regulation

• Focus on gene function and the impact of cell division on genetics.

Page 4: Path from Nucleotides to Proteins

• Explore how nucleotides combine to form proteins through genetic coding.

Page 5: Central Dogma Explained

• Central Dogma: DNA -> RNA -> Protein

  • DNA Transcription to mRNA

  • mRNA Translation to Proteins

    • rRNA and tRNA involvement

Page 6: Transcription & Translation

• Process Overview

  • Transcription: DNA code is copied to mRNA

  • Translation: mRNA is decoded to form proteins

    • Occurs in ribosomes

    • Involves tRNA for amino acid delivery

Page 7: Review: Pieces from DNA to Proteins

• Key Concepts

  • Genetic Code: Information determining protein structure

  • Nucleotides: Building blocks of RNA and DNA

  • Exons and Introns: Coding vs. non-coding regions

  • Ribosome Function: mRNA to protein translation

  • tRNA's Role: Transfer of amino acids for protein synthesis

Page 8: Differences Between DNA and RNA

• Components

  • DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, Thymine

  • RNA: Ribose sugar, single-stranded, Uracil

  • Base components: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

Page 9: 3-D Confirmation of DNA and RNA Molecules

• Structural Differences

  • DNA is linear while RNA can form diverse shapes

  • Functional versatility of RNA due to conformational complexity

Page 10: Gene Structure in Eukaryotes (Exons and Introns)

• Gene Examples

  • Organization of exons and introns within genes

Page 11: Gene Structure: Exons and Introns

• Process Overview

  • Initial transcription results in pre-mRNA

  • Introns spliced out, exons joined to form mature mRNA

Page 12: Transcription and RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

• RNA Processing Steps

  • GTP Cap addition to 5' end

  • Poly A tail addition to 3' end

  • Spliceosome action to remove introns

Page 13: Ribosomal Gene Clusters

• Discuss the significance of multiple gene copies in developmental biology.

Page 14: DNA Mutations, Damage & Repair

• Types of Mutations

  • Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation defined using examples.

Page 15: Cell Division and Distribution of Genetic Material

• Overview of processes involved in cell division.

Page 16: The Human Karyotype

• Karyotype details:

  • 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans

  • 22 pairs autosomal, 1 pair sex chromosomes

  • Diploid (46) vs. Haploid (23) distinctions

Page 17: Homologous Chromosomes and Alleles

• Illustration of dominant and recessive traits in coat and eye color genes across paternal and maternal chromosomes.

Page 18: Mitosis: Cell Division

• Overview of Mitosis

  • Role in growth and repair

  • Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Page 19: Meiosis: Diploid to Haploid Transition

• Process Overview

  • Diseases in producing haploid gametes: sperm and eggs

  • Fertilization leading to diploid zygote formation

Page 20: Mitosis & Meiosis Comparison

• Key Differences

  • Number of divisions and end product (diploid vs. haploid)

Page 21: Summary: Mitosis & Meiosis

• Comparison Summary

  • Mitosis: Somatic cell division, one division

  • Meiosis: Germ cell division, two divisions

Page 22: Mitosis Stages

• Detailed explanation of each phase of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

Page 23: Mitosis Review Video

• Mention good resources for reviewing mitosis.

Page 24: Meiosis Life Cycle

• Visual representation of germ line cell meiosis.

Page 25: Mitosis, Cancer & Chemotherapy

• Relationship of uncontrolled mitosis to cancer.

Page 26: In-Class Question on Mitosis

• Assessing understanding of mitotic processes with questions.

Page 27: Gene Regulation

• Inquiry into the importance of gene regulation in cellular processes.

Page 28: Class Discussion on Gene Regulation

• Engaging discussion on the importance of regulating gene expression.

Page 29: Features of Prokaryotic Transcriptional Regulation

• Discuss metabolic responsiveness and examples like lac operon and trp operon.

Page 30: Lac Operon Regulation

• Discovery and function of the lac operon by Jacob and Monod.

Page 31: Parts of the Gene Regulation Pathway

• Key elements involved in gene regulation in prokaryotes: Operon, Promoter, Operator, etc.

Page 32: Regulation of Enzymes in Lac Operon

• Enzyme functions and gene regulation in lac operon under lactose absence.

Page 33: Lactose Presence in Lac Operon

• Mechanism of operon activation when lactose binds to the repressor.

Page 34: Inducible and Repressible Control Overview

• Distinction between physiological responses based on presence of lactose and tryptophan.

Page 35: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

• Functionality of differential gene expression in establishing different cell types.

Page 36: Importance of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

• Regulation impacts gene expression crucial for development and specialized functions.

Page 37: Mechanisms of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

• Overview of multiple regulatory mechanisms including DNA packing, enhancers, and silencing.

Page 38: Homework Assignment

• Find a video example of gene expression control and summarize key features.