2.2 Genes, cell division and regulation

Page 1: Reflection Piece Options

  • Option 1: The Double Helix

    • Watch LIFE STORY: The Race for the Double Helix

      • Explore the discovery of DNA's structure

      • Highlight the role of women in STEM during the 1950s

  • Option 2: CRISPR and the Slice to Survive

    • Discuss CRISPR technology and its applications

      • Combat invasive species

      • Fight diseases

      • Enhance biodiversity

      • Help organisms survive global warming

    • Reflect on the ethics of using CRISPR

      • Potential benefits

      • Potential dangers

Page 2: DNA Replication

  • Components of DNA Replication

    • Template Strands

    • Replication Fork

    • Enzymes

      • DNA Polymerase

      • DNA Primase

      • DNA Ligase

      • Helicase

    • Strands

      • Leading Strand (3' to 5')

      • Lagging Strand (5' to 3')

    • Okazaki Fragments

Page 3: Genes, Cell Division, and Regulation

  • Focus on gene function and the impact of cell division on genetics.

Page 4: Path from Nucleotides to Proteins

  • Explore how nucleotides combine to form proteins through genetic coding.

Page 5: Central Dogma Explained

  • Central Dogma: DNA -> RNA -> Protein

    • DNA Transcription to mRNA

    • mRNA Translation to Proteins

      • rRNA and tRNA involvement

Page 6: Transcription & Translation

  • Process Overview

    • Transcription: DNA code is copied to mRNA

    • Translation: mRNA is decoded to form proteins

      • Occurs in ribosomes

      • Involves tRNA for amino acid delivery

Page 7: Review: Pieces from DNA to Proteins

  • Key Concepts

    • Genetic Code: Information determining protein structure

    • Nucleotides: Building blocks of RNA and DNA

    • Exons and Introns: Coding vs. non-coding regions

    • Ribosome Function: mRNA to protein translation

    • tRNA's Role: Transfer of amino acids for protein synthesis

Page 8: Differences Between DNA and RNA

  • Components

    • DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, Thymine

    • RNA: Ribose sugar, single-stranded, Uracil

    • Base components: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

Page 9: 3-D Confirmation of DNA and RNA Molecules

  • Structural Differences

    • DNA is linear while RNA can form diverse shapes

    • Functional versatility of RNA due to conformational complexity

Page 10: Gene Structure in Eukaryotes (Exons and Introns)

  • Gene Examples

    • Organization of exons and introns within genes

Page 11: Gene Structure: Exons and Introns

  • Process Overview

    • Initial transcription results in pre-mRNA

    • Introns spliced out, exons joined to form mature mRNA

Page 12: Transcription and RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

  • RNA Processing Steps

    • GTP Cap addition to 5' end

    • Poly A tail addition to 3' end

    • Spliceosome action to remove introns

Page 13: Ribosomal Gene Clusters

  • Discuss the significance of multiple gene copies in developmental biology.

Page 14: DNA Mutations, Damage & Repair

  • Types of Mutations

    • Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation defined using examples.

Page 15: Cell Division and Distribution of Genetic Material

  • Overview of processes involved in cell division.

Page 16: The Human Karyotype

  • Karyotype details:

    • 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans

    • 22 pairs autosomal, 1 pair sex chromosomes

    • Diploid (46) vs. Haploid (23) distinctions

Page 17: Homologous Chromosomes and Alleles

  • Illustration of dominant and recessive traits in coat and eye color genes across paternal and maternal chromosomes.

Page 18: Mitosis: Cell Division

  • Overview of Mitosis

    • Role in growth and repair

    • Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Page 19: Meiosis: Diploid to Haploid Transition

  • Process Overview

    • Diseases in producing haploid gametes: sperm and eggs

    • Fertilization leading to diploid zygote formation

Page 20: Mitosis & Meiosis Comparison

  • Key Differences

    • Number of divisions and end product (diploid vs. haploid)

Page 21: Summary: Mitosis & Meiosis

  • Comparison Summary

    • Mitosis: Somatic cell division, one division

    • Meiosis: Germ cell division, two divisions

Page 22: Mitosis Stages

  • Detailed explanation of each phase of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

Page 23: Mitosis Review Video

  • Mention good resources for reviewing mitosis.

Page 24: Meiosis Life Cycle

  • Visual representation of germ line cell meiosis.

Page 25: Mitosis, Cancer & Chemotherapy

  • Relationship of uncontrolled mitosis to cancer.

Page 26: In-Class Question on Mitosis

  • Assessing understanding of mitotic processes with questions.

Page 27: Gene Regulation

  • Inquiry into the importance of gene regulation in cellular processes.

Page 28: Class Discussion on Gene Regulation

  • Engaging discussion on the importance of regulating gene expression.

Page 29: Features of Prokaryotic Transcriptional Regulation

  • Discuss metabolic responsiveness and examples like lac operon and trp operon.

Page 30: Lac Operon Regulation

  • Discovery and function of the lac operon by Jacob and Monod.

Page 31: Parts of the Gene Regulation Pathway

  • Key elements involved in gene regulation in prokaryotes: Operon, Promoter, Operator, etc.

Page 32: Regulation of Enzymes in Lac Operon

  • Enzyme functions and gene regulation in lac operon under lactose absence.

Page 33: Lactose Presence in Lac Operon

  • Mechanism of operon activation when lactose binds to the repressor.

Page 34: Inducible and Repressible Control Overview

  • Distinction between physiological responses based on presence of lactose and tryptophan.

Page 35: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

  • Functionality of differential gene expression in establishing different cell types.

Page 36: Importance of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

  • Regulation impacts gene expression crucial for development and specialized functions.

Page 37: Mechanisms of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

  • Overview of multiple regulatory mechanisms including DNA packing, enhancers, and silencing.

Page 38: Homework Assignment

  • Find a video example of gene expression control and summarize key features.

robot