Class Information

• Course: Introduction to Linguistics (LIN101)

• Lecture Number: 8

• Date: Fall 2024

• Instructor: Angelika Kiss

Announcements

• HW3 Automatic Extension:

  • New submission deadline: September 25.

• Upcoming Quiz:

  • Date: November 11 (after reading week).

• Lecture Focus:

  • Practice with phonemic analysis across various languages

Language Studies Overview

• When organizing phonemes and allophones, the one to appear in most environments will be placed at the top.

• Review whether its complementary, or contrastive.

• Contrastive Distribution - Overlap

• Complementary distribution - No overlap

• Contrastive- Two sounds have overlap, cannot be replaced by each other without changing meaning of the word

Kalaallisut Vowels

• Description:

  • Known as West Greenlandic.

  • Part of the Inuit dialect continuum from Greenland to Alaska.

  • Classified as an endangered language (vulnerable).

• Identified Phones:

  • Vowel Sounds: [i], [e], [a], [o], [u], they will always be identified for you. (step 1)

  • ? Can these sounds be grouped with other phonemes.

  • Step 2: Identify the individual environments of the phones of interest.

    • [i] vs [e]

[I]

• #_v

• #_k

• #_p

• q_l

• #_s

• t_g

• #_m

• #_n

• p_k

• #_g

• n_t

• k_a

• #_s

• s_k

• #_t

• #_g

  Follow #, q, t, p N, k s

[e]

• p_r

• s_r

• n_#

• m_q

• v_q

• #_n

• s_#

• n_r

  follow n, p, m , v, s , #

Step 3-4: Determine overlap and simplify environments

• there is no natural classes that are overlapping (complementary)

• Preceding sounds: Overlap: s, #, p

• No natural class

• Following sounds: [e] can only be followed by uvular sounds or nothing

  • Complementary distribution with [i]

  • Allophones of the same phoneme

  • Default phoneme= /?/ - i, - e

  • /i/ becomes [e] in front of uvular sounds or words. [i] is elsewhere

[a]

• n_q

• R_q

• s_v

• v_#

• l_l

• v_q

• n_#

• R_q

• q_t

• m_q

• #_e

• s_k

• q_s

• s_l

• g_#

• v_q

• n_n

• s_k

• i_k

• m_q

• m_R

• R_q

Preceding sounds: [n], [R], [v], [l], [q], [g]. [#], [i], [m]

Following sounds: [q], [v], [#], [l], [t], [k], [s], [n], [R]

Does [a] contrast with [i] and [e]?

[o] vs. [u]

[o]

• #_R

• k_#

• l_q

• n_q

• l_q

• l_#

[u]

• k_s

• l_v

• n_n

• u_l

• l_v

• #_g

• t_m

Preceding sounds: [k], [l], [n], [#]

Following sounds:

• Examples of Words:

  • [ivnaq] - 'bluff'

  • [ine] - 'room'

  • [sakiak] - 'rib'

  • [ikusik] - 'elbow'

  • [nanoq] - 'bear'

  • Others: [iperaq] (harpoon strap), [sermeq] (glacier), [isse] (eye), [sava] (sheep), [aveq] (walrus).

O'odham Coronal Plosives and Affricates

1) Phones of interest: [t], [d], [tʃ ͡ ], [d ͡ ʒ]

[t] vs [d]

[t]

• #_a

• a_a

• #_m

• #_o

• n_o

• i_o

[d]

• i_#

• #_a

• #_o

• a_a

Preceding sounds

Following sounds

[tf] vs [d3]

[tf]

• #_i

• #_u

• #_ɬ

• u_u

[d3]

• a_i

• #_i

• #_u

• #_ɬ

Preceding sounds

following sounds

[t] vs [tf]

[t] - followed by a mid or low vowel, more wider.

• #_a

• #_o

• a_a

• i_o

• n_o

[tf] - More restricted

• #_i

• #_u

• u_u

• #_ɬ

Phonetically similar- Place of articulation.

Which allophone should be picked as the default- [t]

• /t/ becomes [tf] before

[d] vs [d3]

[d]

• i_#

• o_s

• #_a

• #_o

• i_a

• a_a

[d3]

• a_i

• #_i

• #_u

• #_ɬ

• Description:

  • Also called Pima or Papago.

  • Part of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

  • Spoken in Arizona (US) and Northern Sonora (Mexico).

  • Also classified as endangered with a few thousand speakers.

• Identified Phones:

  • [t], [d], [tʃ͡], [d͡ʒ]

• Analysis Steps:

  • Identify and organize individual environments of these phones and analyze their occurrences.

Setswana [d] and [l]

• Description:

  • Also known as Tswana, belonging to the Bantu language group.

  • Spoken in Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe; has official language status in these nations and millions of native speakers.

• Identified Phones:

  • [l] and [d]

• Examples of Words:

  • [lefifi] - 'darkness'

  • [loleme] - 'tongue'

  • [mmadi] - 'reader'

  • [molomo] - 'mouth', etc.

Sierra Popoluca Plosives

• Identified Phones:

  • [p], [ph], [t], [th], [k], [kh]

• Analysis Steps:

  • Identify individual environments for these phones and determine their overlaps.

Setswana [d] and [l]- Allophones of the same phonemes

• Phones of interest: [d] and [l]

[l]

[d]

Sierra Popluca Plosives

Conclusion

• End of Lecture 8.