Untitled Flashcards Set

Glycolysis generates ______, while β-oxidation generates ________.

Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA

The smallest independent functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n)

1. Cell

Aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism are alike in that they

1. Ultimately generate acidic waste products

Which of the following is not a major organ system?

1. Adrenal

Which of the following is not a potential product of a reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

1. Bicarbonate

The pancreas contains two types of cells crucial to the process of glucose regulation, including

1. β cells of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin, and 𝛼 cells of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete glucagon

Which scenario best describes respiratory compensation for a metabolic acidosis?

1. A marathon runner taking quick, shallow breaths at the finish line

Epithelial cells perform which of the following functions?

1. Secretion

2. Protection

3. Absorption

4. B and C

Which of the following molecules is fed directly into the Citric Acid Cycle?

1. Acetyl CoA

When multiple tissues come together to execute a common function, it is called

1. An organ

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.

1. Thyroid hormone

Glucagon generally _______ blood glucose levels.

1. Increases

A diabetic patient presents with rapid breathing, nausea, and altered mental status. Why might their breath smell like acetone?

1. They are metabolizing a large number of fatty acids

2. They have an insulin deficiency

3. They are experiencing a diabetic ketoacidosis

4. Their cells are inadequately nourished with glucose

Electrons enter the electron transport chain via _______ and are ultimately used to form ____________.

1. NADH and FADH₂; Water

In a healthy individual, a normal blood pH is defined within the range of

1. 7.35 - 7.45

Which of the following hormones is typically released in response to elevated blood pressure?

1. ANP

You are treating a patient with Type-2 diabetes and chronic hyperglycemia. Which of the following would you be least likely to expect from this patient?

1. Decreased blood pressure

Insulin is to calcitonin as Glucagon is to:

1. PTH

Release of oxytocin from the ______ ultimately contributes to an _______.

1. Posterior pituitary; increased frequency of uterine contractions

Which of the following statements regarding the hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO₄^2-) and carbonate ion (CO₃^2-) is true?

1. CO₃^2- will act exclusively as a base

Renal compensation for a metabolic alkalosis…

1. Involves excretion of bicarbonate ions from the body

2. Alters the equilibrium of the carbonic acid buffer system

The “set point” for blood glucose in the body is

1. 100 mg/dL

Which of the following pairs of processes will generate the same product?

1. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

2. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

About 90 minutes after a meal,

1. Blood glucose levels are likely lower than the set point

2. Glucagon is likely being released from the liver

3. Gene expression of GLUT 4 has likely increased

4. Insulin is acting on the liver to release glucose stores

5. Glucagon is likely being released from the pancreas

Aerobic cellular respiration results in the production of these two products.

NADH and FADH₂

ATP and pyruvate

ATP and glucose

ATP and H₂O

NAD and FADH₂

Glycogen stores in the liver are likely to increase after the release of ________

Glucagon

Insulin

GABA

Cortisol

Oxytocin

Mineralocorticoids function to increase _______ by ____________.

1. Blood pressure; increasing reabsorption of salts

2. Cardiac output; increasing heart rate

3. Blood glucose; decreasing metabolic rate

4. Blood glucose; promoting gluconeogenesis

5. Blood pressure; decreasing reabsorption of salts

A drug is used that prevents the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. What is a likely effect of this drug?

1. Increased sodium reabsorption

2. Increased potassium reabsorption

3. Increased blood pH

4. Increased blood pressure

5. Increased sodium reabsorption

“Cushing Syndrome” is characterized by

1. Hypothyroidism

2. Hyperthyroidism

3. Hypercortisolism

4. Hypocortisolism

5. B and C

The enzymes that convert glycogen to glucose would be least active after the release of which hormone?

1. GH

2. Glucagon

3. Cortisol

4. Epinephrine

5. Aldosterone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is released into the bloodstream. Which of the following layers of the adrenal cortex will respond to this signal?

1. Zona reticularis

2. Zona glomerulosa

3. Zona fasciculata

4. A and B

5. B and C

Which of the following statements regarding stress responses is true?

1. Cortisol is released through neuronal stimulation

2. Long-term stress is more likely to increase an individual’s respiratory rate than short-term stress

3. Short-term stress responses typically lead to immune system suppression

4. The short-term stress response is characterized by the effects of epinephrine

5. Epinephrine and cortisol are typically released simultaneously as part of the short-term stress response

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone and _________ work in opposition to regulate growth hormone levels.

1. GRH

2. PIH

3. GnRH

4. GH

5. GHIH

Insulin resistance describes a state where cells progressively lose the ability to take in glucose when insulin levels are chronically elevated. Which of the following is most likely to cause insulin resistance if chronically elevated?

1. HGH

2. Prolactin

3. Cortisol

4. Epinephrine

5. Bicarbonate

The highest density of receptors for IGFs would likely be found

1. In the liver

2. In the lungs

3. In the kidneys

4. In the hypothalamus

5. In the thyroid

Compounds that are large and water soluble

1. Diffuse easily through the lipid bilayer

2. Always carry a charge

3. Contain reactive oxygen species

4. Cannot passively enter a cell

5. B and D

Which of the following hormones is not released into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

1. ACTH

2. TRH

3. CRH

4. GnRH

5. All of the above are released into the portal system

A researcher seeks to determine the percentage of bone that is composed of protein. What percentage is closest to what they will likely find?

1. 5%

2. 10%

3. 25%

4. 50%

5. 75%

The basic repeat unit of compact bone organization is the

1. Lamella

2. Lacuna

3. Osteocyte

4. Osteon

5. Canaliculi

Which of the following statements regarding how bones lengthen longitudinally is false?

1. Bones lengthen longitudinally at the epiphyseal plate

2. Bones grow longer primarily as a result of the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

3. Cartilage is gradually replaced to form bone tissue

4. The proliferation zone is where true growth occurs

5. Both B and C are false

Red bone marrow is involved in erythrocyte formation. In contrast, yellow bone marrow:

1. is involved in leukocyte formation.

2. is responsible for drainage of lymph.

3. releases erythropoietin

4. contains predominantly adipose tissue.

5. All of the above

When the knee moves back and forth during walking, what prevents the surfaces of the leg bones from rubbing against each other?

1. Articular cartilage

2. Epiphyses

3. Synovial fluid

4. Smooth muscle

5. Epiphyseal cartilage

Blood travels through bone primarily through

1. Volkmann’s canals and canaliculi

2. Central canals, Volkmann’s canals, and canaliculi

3. Canaliculi only

4. Volkmann’s canals and central canals

5. Central canals only

Cells that respond to erythropoietin are most likely to be found

1. In the epiphyses of long bones

2. In the diaphyses of long bones

3. In the epiphyseal plate

4. Within the articular cartilage

5. In flat bones only

Which of the following cells is not directly involved in endochondral ossification?

1. Osteoblasts

2. Mesenchymal Cells

3. Chondrocytes

4. Fibroblasts

5. All of the above are involved in endochondral ossification

Which of the following statements regarding bone growth and remodeling is incorrect?

1. The activity levels of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are dictated by the amount of stress on the bone

2. Increased levels of GH in the bloodstream have an association with gigantism

3. Intramembranous ossification does not require osteoblasts at any point in time to construct new bone tissue

4. Fibroblasts have the ability to develop into osteoblasts if necessary

5. All of the above are true

The structure of a phospholipid differs from a triglyceride in that

1. Phospholipids are typically used as part of the plasma membrane and triglycerides used as fat storage

2. Phospholipids do not contain glycerol

3. Triglycerides are composed of three phospholipids

4. Phospholipids contain a phosphate group and one less fatty acid

5. Triglycerides contain cholesterol, whereas phospholipids contain a phosphate group

The concentration of glucose inside the cell is 10 µM and the concentration outside is 75 µM. Which of the following statements is true?

1. Glucose will move up its concentration gradient through a carrier protein

2. Glucose will move down its concentration gradient through a carrier protein

3. Glucose will move up its concentration gradient without a carrier protein

4. Glucose will move down its concentration gradient without a carrier protein

5. ATP is required to move this glucose

Which of the following statements regarding carrier-mediated proteins is true?

1. Carrier-mediated proteins are synonymous with leakage channels

2. ATP is required to bring molecules into the cell, but not out

3. ATP is required to pump molecules out of the cell, but is not required to bring them in

4. Glucose does not require a carrier-mediated transport to enter the cell, but instead uses a leak channel

5. None of the above are true

Which of the following is not a potential function of integral proteins?

1. Catalyzing chemical reactions

2. Recognition of other cells as being from the same human

3. Transport of testosterone

4. Adhesion to neighboring cells

5. Enabling waste products to travel directly between neighboring cells

An integral membrane protein enables ions to travel directly between heart muscle cells, which leads to synchronization of their contractions. What is likely being described?

1. Ion leakage channels

2. Gap junctions

3. Tight junctions

4. Gated channels

5. Desmosomes

Caffeine inhibits the release of ADH from the pituitary. Which of the following will likely be a direct consequence of this inhibition?

1. Increased expression of aquaporins in the kidneys

2. Decreased blood pressure

3. Increased potassium excretion

4. A and B

5. A, B, and C