Mass communication
One important root of the radio is the electric telegraph, made by Samuel Morse in 1832 and showed to congress in 1844
The electric telegraph was simple to use in theory
Another important root of radio is the telephone, created by Alexander Graham bell in 1876
In the 19th century, most people were not interested in the telephone, they had other concerns which led to the telephone to become wireless
The first wireless telegraph system was developed by Gugliemo Marconi in the late 19th century
Italy didn't care for his invention but Great britain did and he patented it there
The AUDION was a key element in the development of radio broadcasting and much the rest of our modern electronics industry
De Forest invented the Audion
De Forest was the first person to broadcast on behalf of women’s rights, this occurred 12 yrs before the 12th amendment where women were granted the right to vote
Many amateurs built receivers and transmitters
Radio operates on the same principle as the telegraph and telephone but without the wires.
The army made the development of radio go quicker
Navy thought that the radio should be in hands of the government
World War 1 resulted in the formation of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), previously known as American Marconi
Frank Conrad helped establish KDKA, a station still on air today
David Sarnoff is the guy that caught the “SOS” from the titanic, he became a hero
Educational stations flourished for a while but declined in number after the stock market crash of 1929
Regulation for radio had a law passed in 1912
Radio act of 1912, required a wireless operator to obtain a permit from the secretary of commerce and each transmitter to be supervised by someone who had passed a special licensing examination
The radio act of 1927 made it clear that radio frequencies belong to the public, not the licensee
Licensee - the individual or group that owns a broadcasting station
The radio act of 1927 stated that each station must operate “in the public interest, convenience, or necessity”
deregulation—the elimination of all regulation of radio and television, except for the control of technical standards and interference
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Communications Act of 1934, which covered both wire and wireless communication. Some of the important features of the act included a public interest, convenience, and necessity clause, an independent regulatory commission, a limited license period, and equal treatment of political candidates. In recent years, a number of federal regulations have been eliminated.
The first network was established in 1922 when a couple of stations linked up for the worldseries . AT&T developed it further
Sports and politics were important for the development of networks
AT&T put together the frist coast to coast network for an election eve broadcast in 1925
Stations owned networks
Four primary functions of broadcasting networks were set in these early days of their history:
to provide programming to affiliates,
to arrange relays from the points at which programs originate to the broadcasting stations, and for commercial networks,
to sell the time of local stations on the national market and so, gain revenue for themselves and for each station, and
in the case of NBC and CBS, to earn as much profit as possible for the network stockholders or owners.
sponsored programs—programs sponsored or financed by advertising revenues
NBC charged its affiliated stations for sustaining programs—programs that had no sponsors
CBS, on the other hand, offered sustaining programs to stations without charge but insisted on option time—certain time periods when it could be assured that the affiliated stations would carry sponsored programs.
Report on chin broadcast in 1938
Nbc had to sell one of their stations
Broadcasting stations affiliated with networks could give the network no more than 3 hrs of option time during any of the major parts of the broadcast day
Networks could not own or control talent agencies
Nbc sold their blue network
ABC was formed after the FCC made NBC sell one of their networks
All networks have four primary functions: to provide programming to affiliated stations, to relay those programs from their point of origin, to sell time to advertisers, and to make as much profit as possible for stockholders or owners.
FM radio was invented by Edwin Armstrong
FM is bigger than AM
Magnetic tape replaced wire recordings after WW2
The shortwave radio services supported by the U.S. government include the Voice of America (founded in 1942), Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (begun in 1951 and 1953), and Radio Marti, which began broadcasting to Cuba in 1985. The purpose of the Voice of America is to be a reliable news source and to tell the world about America, whereas the other services provide information about the countries to which they broadcast information that would otherwise go unreported.
Ww2 was a high point for the radio
Television has been around for a long time however it was until ww2 that it posed a threat to the radio medium
Radios survived television because of the station operators programming and manufacturers adjustments
Radio attracted most people early in the morning or late in the afternoon bc of tv
The precise costs for commercials on a particular station are difficult to report because those costs depend on the length of commercial, the time of day it is aired, the number of spots one is buying, how well the buyer bargains, and the size and makeup of the station’s audience
Noncommercial radio almost died before ww2 but the development of FM was one of the things that saved it , interest in education saved it, and the 3rd was the federal legislation that provided for financial help to education broadcasting
We have about 1400 non commercial radio stations and major networks in the US, national public radio (NPR)
NPR first great coup was the live streaming of debates in US senate over treaty of Panama Canal
Most of the programming formats of radio were transferred to television in the early 1950s. Radio survived by developing new formats- especially new music formats. Noncommercial radio flourished in the 1960s and 1970s
At the beginning of radio, pioneer put wtv on air
Talks and music dominated the early broadcasting schedules, Ballroom dance music became popular
Dramas developed in the 1930s and so did operas
News were a key feature on radio from its earliest days
Many newspaper publishers started their own radio stations in the early says , bc they saw radio as a means of publicizing their papers
Newspapers saw radio as a threat, many stopped printing radio program schedules so listeners wouldnt know when something was going to air
Radios were not allowed to broadcast too much news due to an agreement in 1933, that agreement died in 1936
Edward R Murror was one of the best reporters
Did Not begin his career as reporter
Joined cbs in 1935
Became a legend bc he reported hitler’s invasion of austria
Almost all programming forms on television today were pioneered by radio in the 1930s. Newspaper publishers, concerned about competition, forced network broadcasters to restrict their news, but the agreement broke down when local stations set up news services and war in Europe created a demand for radio coverage. World War II made news a permanent feature of radio and introduced a new breed of electronic journalists.
It was hard to fund the radio medium
The method by which radio is supported is extremely important because it affects the broadcast content; it affects the bits of information and entertainment that you encounter in your communication mosaic
Broadcasting in the US is mostly commercial
Members of congress believed that the federal government should own a station so that they had direct communication with US citizens
AT&T developed the idea of direct, commercial support of radio
Toll broadcasting was created by AT&T, it means broadcasting for a fee
Advertising agencies became involved early in commercial broadcasting
Advertising agencies serve as go-between for advertiser and station or network
Radio reaches more people today than does any other medium
Radio was very important through ww2
Radio listening required few skills, it was immensely popular as a source of entertainment and news for immigrant families and families strapped by the depression
Radio listening is largely unplanned
Radio is rarely used as skillfully as it once was
The future of radio depends in part upon whether there will be more or less government deregulation and whether other media such as cable television will have a positive or negative impact on listening. At the moment, the most serious threat is to AM radio, which has experienced a steady erosion of its audience. Like other communications media, radio stations will increasingly become parts of larger corporate entities.
FM radio generally has better sound quality than AM radio.
Lee DeForest encouraged his wife to write an autobiography titled I married a genius.
Option time is important to networks because it makes it easier for them to win advertisers
Newspapers and radio stations worked together initially but then competed against each other
Government regulation of broadcasting began in this country when the united states navy wanted it done
The major argument for deregulation of radio is that there are so many radio stations on the air that competition will provide ample regulation
The least important factor in making radio such an important mass communication was the programming skills of broadcasters
David Sarnoff did not rise to prominence through the amateur radio station he operated on which he played records and presented talks
Sustaining programs names is NOT their name because the stations use that to sustain themselves economically
Religious broadcasting is an Old phenomena in radio and television
In 1943 the supreme court upheld the fcc’s report on chain broadcasting. Some news did not have to divest themselves of some of their affiliates due to the report
Sarnoff was largely responsible for the success of the radio corporation of America (RCA)
Newspaper publishers once forced the radio networks to restrict the number and length of news broadcasts.
Antena Tax has not been used in the US to finance radio
Edwin howard armstrong was not afraid of heights
The RCA was formed bc military and industry leaders in the US wanted to prevent the control of communications by a british dominated company
The highest rates for radio advertising is from 6am-9pm
The development of FM stations was slowed down because of a fight with television for radio frequencies
The united independent Broadcaster network, formed in 1927 became CBS
The dream of seeing at a distance- television
Successful television systems must accomplish
Break a picture into minute light and dark bits
Transform those bits into electrical energy or waves
Transmit the energy or waves by a weird or wireless system
Receive and transform the electrical energy or waves back into light and dark bits
Resemble those light and dark bits into something resembling the original picture
The mechanical system broke up and reassembled the picture with a rotating disc invented by Paul Nipkow in the 1890s
Discs contained 45 holes
It took almost 3o yrs for the invention of the Nipkow disc for scientist to come up with a more-or-less practical television camera and receiver system
People predicted that mechanical television would revolutionize education
Paul Nipkow’s mechanical television system, developed in the 1890s, used a disc to break up an image, transform it into electrical energy, and reassemble it. But it was not until the mid-1920s that a practical television camera and receiver system was available. The mechanical system of that era used a very small screen and produced fuzzy pictures.
The development of television was seriously hampered by its dependence on a mechanical system for breaking up and reassembling images
Vladimir Zworykin
In 1929 Zworykin demonstrated a receiving or picture tube that produced higher-fidelity pictures. He called it a kinescope tube.
Television is a gift of God, and God will hold those who utilize his divine instrument accountable to him - Philo T. Farnsworth
Zworykin reversed engineered a lot of Farnsworth work
Zworykin was secretly hired by Sarnoff to find everything out about Farnsworth system
Credit for the first all-electronic television system is generally given to Philo Farnsworth, although Vladimir Zworykin’s system (RCA) quickly followed. Zworykin’s kinescope tube, developed at RCA, became the basis for the U.S. television system
FCC made critical decisions that impacted the tv development pretty well
In order to increase the number of channels available for television, the Federal Communications Commission in 1952 authorized use of the UHF frequency band to complement the 12 channels in the VHF band. The commission reserved channels for 242 noncommercial stations and decided upon a color system compatible with black and white. The introduction of videotape in the 1950s brought an end to most live programming.
On June 12, 2009 the United States converted from analog to digital television broadcasting
Tv was developed way different than the rest of the other mediums
Most television programming followed the format of radio. Likewise, television commercials were sold in the same manner as radio commercials.
The local station is the heart of the american broadcasting system as defined by the communications act of 1934
Most local commercial stations are affiliated with one of the national networks. It has many advantages.
Most of the entertainment programs come from independent production companies
The FCC cannot regulate networks directly, even though the networks control most tv programming
Networks require no gov license but stations do
Network programs sent to over the air broadcasting stations are distributed in various ways:
Coaxial cable (similar to telephone line, except can carry way more electronic info at a time)
Microwave relays
Communication satellites
The third element in the American tv industry is cable
Community antenna television systems CATV
Cable networks—that is, networks created to provide programming to cable systems—are almost as well known as the older commercial networks
Local stations, networks, and cable systems are the primary means by which television programming is delivered to the home in this country. Most local stations are affiliated with a network, which supplies much of a station’s programming. The major networks are ABC, NBC, CBS, PBS, and Fox. Cable systems offer local channels—including the network affiliates in the area—and many additional channels. Currently, there is heated competition between cable and over-the-air broadcasting.
There are 4 types of public tv stations
The ETV Facilities Act of 1962 and the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 provided funds for noncommercial stations. Funding is a constant problem for noncommercial stations, which provide an alternative to commercial programming and attract a much smaller audience. A wholly different form of television is nonbroadcast in nature. Corporate television provides a variety of programming for industries and organizations.
Open access—Whoever wants to put a program on the air could be given free time.
Modified open access—Whoever wants to put a program on the air could be assured the right to buy time for it.
_ The government
_ Some other body appointed by the government or elected by the public at large
_ The station or cable system operators
_ The networks
_ The advertisers
Network and local stations programmers have the major say of what will and wont be transmitted
Free enterprise system: a system that makess maximum use of the skill and imagination and hardwork of american business people, fighting to give the majority of the citizens what they want
It is not really a free enterprise, expensive. It dissatisfies the people who dont go with the majority
There is much debate over who should control the content of television programming. Our commercial system is such that, for the most part, audience size dictates the type of programming likely to air, although critics charge that giving the public what it wants reduces the chances for quality programming and limits the audience’s choices.
Financial Interest and Syndication Rules—rules prohibiting the networks from acquiring partial ownership or syndication rights of programs created by independent producers.
FCC feared tht these network practices were reducing competition and hence limiting the diversity of programming
Today the network only holds 60% of the audience
The major opposition to “fin-syn” rules had been the movie industry
At one time, advertisers exerted a great deal of influence over programming, but gradually the networks gained control. Today, much of a station’s programming—especially prime-time programming—is determined by the networks. To reduce the power of networks, the FCC passed the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules prohibiting them from retaining rights to independently produced programs. The Justice Department further restricted network control by limiting the number of prime-time programs they could produce. In 1991, the FCC modified the rerun rules so that networks could acquire financial rights to some syndicated programs. Because of competition among networks, cable stations, and local stations, the rights to certain types of programming—such as sports—have increased substantially.
Tv was self regulating by the National Association of Broadcasters
In 1979 the Justice department charged the NAB code with Antitrust violations
Equal Opportunity Provision, which requires that a station that gives or sells time to one political candidate must give or sell time under the same conditions to all other bona fide candidates for that office.
The FCC has abolished the Fairness Doctrine and has asked Congress to repeal the Equal Opportunity Provision.
Ratings are not a new invention
Ratings determine not only what programs are likely to survive but also the amount of money that networks and stations can charge for their advertisements. The two major ratings services are Nielsen and Arbitron. They use increasingly sophisticated devices such as people meters to determine audience size and composition.
Pretesting of programs and the use of consultants also play a role in program decisions.
85% of americans subscribe to atleast one digital streaming service
34% subscribe to 5 or more
Bundle services are emerging as a strategic tool for digital streaming services
The key driver for the competition among streaming platforms is original content and user experience
According to a lot of people, paying 20-35$ for a monthly subscription is wayyy tm
HBO Max differentiates itself by exclusively offering WarnerMedia content, including the show "Friends."
Market saturation presents a potential challenge for the growth of streaming
Netflix's original content has been a major factor in its competitive strategy
Pre schoolers view the most tv
In the average household, the television stays on about seven hours a day. Younger children and older adults watch the greatest amounts of television. Some 98 percent of the households in America have at least one television set. In 1980, more than half those sets—amounting to roughly 120 million people—were tuned to an episode of “Dallas.”
Television shapes our perception of reality, not just in its news programming, but in its entertainment programming and commercials as well. For this reason, critics contend that the manner in which women and minority groups are portrayed on television affects the way they are treated in the real world. Critics are also concerned about the nature of television and the role it should play in society.
Television is such an integral part of our lives that it is difficult to isolate its impact. It both shapes and reports the news and is itself shaped by those who wish to influence news coverage. Whether it is the President of the United States or a protest group or even a terrorist group, each plans its activities with television in mind
Tv was designed basically like radio but then surpassed everything it
Tv still brings debates over the control of their contents
Some believer that networks has tm power, others think ads are too powerful, and other thinks the gov has tm power
Tv is criticzied by their contents
No other medium has been critizied as much as tv, but no other medium has had as big as audience like tv
MSO = Multiple sysyem operator
Comcast is a MSO
The televisoin code function does no longer exist
A major difference between advertiser-network relationships now and in the earlier days of television is that advertisers have less control of programs today.
An interlaced scan is a method for displaying video that alternates between odd and even lines of pixels in a frame
The switch from a mechanical to an all-electrionic tv system brought about fewer breakdowns and better quality pictures
The FCC’s “must carry” rule specified that cable systems had to carru all tv stations in their immedient vicintity
The disadvantage of a free enterpise is that the minority does not have a say
News consultants NO NOT work with advertisers and advertising agencies
The PBS series on the Civil War drew the largest audience ever for public television
The shift in program control from adveristers to networks was a result of the high cost of tv programs
The image from a mechanical tv receiver is the picture where to women look at eachother
The developer of the mechanical system for breaking up and reassembling pictures was Paul Nipkow
The expansion of tv was halted by an FCC freeze on new licenses from 1948 to 1952 so that the FCC could figure out how to make more tv channels available for stations
A disasvatnege of a visual medium such as tv is that there is a confusion between art and reality
Netflix would be considered OTT
Play is a form of activity that is typically voluntary, spontaneous, and enjoyable, often involving the use of imagination and creativity
game is an activity that involves skill, chance, or strategy and is typically played for entertainment or competition
video games are interactive entertainment that involves a user interface to generate visual and audio feedback on a video device such as a television screen or computer monitor
The term “video game” typically refers to games played on a video game console or personal computer
“electronic game” can refer to any type of game that involves electronic devices as part of the gameplay, including video games
Videogames are distinct from other types of games due to characteristics like:
Visual feed back
Interactive control
Digital fromat
Complexity
Scope
Play can involve both structured and unstructured activities.
Video games were first widely available to the public in the 1970s
Electronic games and video games are not the same thing
The defenition of play is an activity that is typically voluntary, pontaneous, and enjoyable
The degenition of a video game is an activity that involves a user interface to generate visual and aufio feedback on a video device such as a tv screen or computer monitor
Software development refers to the creation of video game content, including the design, coding, and testing of games. This process involves a team of developers working together to bring a game from concept to completion
Manufacturing includes the production of gaming devices such as consoles and controllers, and other peripheral items like headphones and charging stations.
online games or online subscription services, which allow users to access a library of games for a monthly fee
eSports has been developing rapidly, with income generated by sponsorship and advertising, publisher fees, merchandise and ticketing, media rights, and streaming
Retailing is really important in the video game industry
The video game industry generates revenue from other parts inclusing sale of video games and hardware
Companies like microsoft, sony , and nintendo do not earn additional revenue from royalities on each game sold
The 2 primary aspects of video game software creation is design and coding
Catagories of tech that enable video games:
Visual displays - a video display of some sort is required, and tv sets. A video game requires a video
Computing - microprocessor, digital memory, analog - to digital conversion, digital to analog
Human Computer Interface (HCI) - deivcies such as keyboard, mouse, controller, etc
Connectivity and Bandwidth - Internet and mobile devices
display refers to a device or medium used to present visual information or data.
A pixel, short for “picture element,” is the smallest unit of display or digital imagery. It is a tiny square or dot that represents a single point of color or light on a screen. Pixels are arranged in a grid-like pattern across a display to form images and visual content
Computing is the use of computers or computational devices to process and manipulate data, solve problems, and perform various tasks. Computing is the “engine” of video game
Game engines are software frameworks that allow developers to create games more efficiently by providing them with pre-built modules for rendering graphics, handling physics, managing sound, and more.
The Human-Computer Interface (HCI) is a component of video game technology that has undergone significant advancements. HCI refers to the hardware and software that allow players to interact with video games, and the evolution of these interface devices has played a significant role in the growth and popularity of video games.
Language Prococessing has not been a primarily enabling technology for videogames
The evolution of video games has been greatly influenced by advancements in computing, display, and human-computer interface (HCI) technologies
Videogames have came a long way since their inception in the 1950s
Connectivity and Bandwidth has allowed players to engage with videogames in ways that were once unimaginable
The nintendo entertainment system was releasd in 1983
Sony makes the PS4
“The Sims” is a game where players create homes, get a job and form relationships in a free form world
Tennis for Two (1958) was created purely for entertainment purposes and was the first game of its kind in that respect.
In the 1970s, video games became accessible to the general public due to advancements in technology that made computers smaller and less expensive
The original purpose for games like Droughts and Spacewar! Was not for entertainment
Draughts was played on a Ferranti Mark 1, it is sometimes considered the first true videogame
The original purpose of the first videogames was to demonstrate the capabilities of computers
Spacewar! (1962) is often considered the first digital videogame because it used a digital computer and was widely distributed in computer research communities
An arcade videogame is a type of video game that is typically played in a public venue such as a restaurant, or arcade. Arcade games are played on specialized machines that are designed to be played by one or more players and are usually housed in a cabinet with a large screen, one or mor econtrol panels, and a coin acceptor
The first arcade videogane was Computer Space, by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney in 1971
Pong played a key role in the development of the videogame industry. Pong is sometimes cited as the first commercially successful video game
Pong was similar to the game Tennis for 2, Pong helped pave the way for games like Space Invaders and Pac-Man
Golden age of Arcade videogames began in the 1970s and lasted til the late 80s
Pong played a key role in the development of the videogame industry because it was simple, intuitive, and could operate on a relatively simple and inexpensive computer system
Nolan and Ted Dabney were the developers of Computer Space
Pac-Man is known for its simple yet addictive gameplay
A home video game console is a videogame device primarily designed for use in the home and connected to a television or other display divide for video output
Home videogames are designed for 1 or more people to play at same time
Magnavox Odyssey was the first home video game console, it came with 9 games
The pong console was based on Atari’s video arcage game
Coleco Testar was a series of dedicated home consoles prodused by Coleco in 1976-1978
The Fairchild Channel F was released in 1976 and was the first console to use game cartridges
The game cartridge was developed by Jerry Lawson
The Atari 2600, released in 1977, was one of the most popular and successful consoles of the second generation
The ColecoVision was released in 1982 and was known for its ability to play arcade-quality games
The 2nd-gen of video game consoles featured key innovations and significant growth in the industry, but the Video Game Crash of 1983 ended whatever level of relative success each of the consoles had achieved—even the most successful company, Atari, was devastated by the crash and never recovered.
Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) was the most popular and successful console of the third generation and is credited with revitalizing the video game industry after the market crash of 1983.
The Sega Master System, released in 1986, was a popular alternative to the NES.
Atari 7800, released in 1986, was a home console that was designed to be backward compatible with Atari 2600 games
The 3rd-gen brought Nintendo and Sega into the home video game space along with epic new games. Despite its best efforts, Atari never recovered from the Video Game Crash of 1983.
Sega Genesis, also known as the Sega Mega Drive, was a home video game console released in Japan in 1988 and in North America in 1989. It featured a library of over 900 games
The NEC TurboGrafx-16, also known as the PC Engine, was a home video game console released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1989
The SNK Neo Geo was a home video game console and arcade system released in 1990
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), also known as the Super Famicom in Japan, was a home video game console released in Japan in 1990 and in North America in 1991
Sega Genesis was the most successful of the four 4th-gen consoles, with the highest sales figures in terms of consoles + games. However, all four consoles made significant contributions to the video game industry and helped to shape the direction of gaming in the years that followed. Despite Sega’s rise to 4th-gen prominence, Nintendo was still a dominant player because most NES systems were still in use, and NES games were still being sold.
the major player in the fifth generation was the Sony PlayStation, which utilized a 32-bit processor and was the first console to sell over 100 million units
The shift to 32-bit and 64-bit processors in the 5th-gen of video game consoles was a major technological advancement that greatly impacted the capabilities and capabilities of consoles. The Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64 were the significant players, with the Sega Saturn lagging behind, but all three consoles helped shape the future of the gaming industry. Notably, the Nintendo 64 was the first console to support 3D on a large scale.
The Sony PlayStation 3 (2006) and Microsoft Xbox 360 (2005) advanced gaming with powerful processors, immersive controllers, and online services. Meanwhile, the Nintendo Wii (2006) popularized motion-control, catered to a broad audience, and surpassed both in sales by 2021.
Nintendo’s Wii U launched in 2012, followed by Sony’s PlayStation 4 and Microsoft’s Xbox One in 2013. Technology and performance advances included increased processing speed, higher-resolution graphics, and expanded storage, with notable features like Sony’s PlayStation VR, Microsoft’s Xbox Game Pass, and a greater emphasis on digital distribution and game streaming services. Nintendo’s Wii U struggled due to lack of strong exclusive games, inferior hardware, and a confusing GamePad controller. This led Nintendo to launch the Switch. Digital distribution expanded, including controversial microtransactions in console gaming.
2017 saw the launch of Nintendo’s hybrid Switch in 2017, which attracted a wide audience with its unique design and versatility, selling over 80 million units by 2021. Sony’s PlayStation 5 and Microsoft’s Xbox Series X/S, both released in 2020, offered impressive performance and cutting-edge features. While Sony and Microsoft focused on powerful hardware, Nintendo continued to prioritize gameplay and user experience with the Switch, successfully recovering from the Wii U’s failure.
Each new console generation has not stepped up in terms of technology and gameplay, they are other factors
The Magnavox Odyssey, released in 1972, is regarded as the first home video console.
The major innovation in the 2nd generation of consoles was the game cartridges
Something notable about the Nintendo Entertainment System is that it revitalized the video game industry after the market crash in 1983
The sega master system was known for their arcade style graphics and sound
The Sega Genesis was the most successful in terms of combined console and game sales in the fourth generation of video game consoles.
The Super Nintendo had a library of over 700 games and was popular for its role playing games, platformers, and sports games
Sega Saturn did NOT achieve the same level of success as the PlayStation largely because it struggled to attract support from third-party developers
Nintendo 64 was the first console to support 3D graphics on a large scale.
The playstation was the first console to sell over 100 million units
Sony PlayStation 2 was the first console to feature DVD playback
The xbox was the first developed console by microsoft
The Nintendo gamecube was NOT the most successful console of the 6th generation
The Nintnedo GameCube was not foued on motion controlled gaming
The Nintnedo Wii sold the most units in the 7th gen
The Xbox 1 was more powerful than the PS4
The Wii U struggled because of the lack of compelling excluding games and complex gamePad controller
The Nintendo Switch can be used as both a handheld device and a traditional home console.
The PS5 introduced the DualSense controller with haptic feedback and adaptive triggers
The Atari 2600, released in 1977, was the most successful console of the second generation
A Computer game or a personal computer game is a type of videgame played on a personal computer rather than a dedicated video game console or arcade machine
Microphess was one of the first games for microcomputers that were sold to the public
Commodore 64 was so important for gaming was its sophisticated hardware
mobile video game platform refers to any portable device or system specifically designed for, or capable of, playing video games.
The Commodore 64 was the best selling computer of all time, Won a Guineness book of World Records
Graphic Processing Unit (GPUs) marked a significant advancement in PC gaming in the late 1990s
Cloud gaming eliminates the need for powerful hardware to play high-end PC games.
A game platform is a type of software or hardware environment designed for playing video games
The razor and blades strategy, adopted by video game console manufacturers, is a business model where companies sell consoles at competitive prices, often at a loss, to create a large user base. The main profit comes from the high-margin games, accessories, and subscription services associated with the console
game studio is a company that specializes in the development of video games.
AAA studios are large, well-funded development studios that typically produce high-budget games with cutting-edge graphics, extensive gameplay, and elaborate marketing campaigns
AA studios are mid-sized development studios that operate with a smaller budget than AAA studios but still produce high-quality games.
Independent studios, or “indie” studios, are smaller development teams that create games without the support of a major publisher.
The Razor and blades strategy is primarly adopted by videogames console manufactures
Console manufacturer take around 10-30% from each game sold on their platform as a licensing fee
Serious games, serve a primary purpose beyond mere entertainment
Perception: This is the initial stage where the player senses the game world through visual, auditory, and sometimes haptic (touch) inputs
Cognition: Once the player perceives the game world, they need to understand it. This includes recognizing patterns, understanding game mechanics (the rules of the game), learning the goals and objectives, and making sense of the game’s narrative and thematic elements.
Decision Making: Based on their understanding of the game world, players make decisions about what actions to take
Emotional Processing: Video games often evoke emotional responses. This can come from various aspects of the game, such as the satisfaction of achieving a goal, the tension of a challenging situation, empathy for a character, or enjoyment of the game’s aesthetic qualities.
Memory: Players need to remember information from earlier in the game to inform their current and future actions
Social Processing: Many video games involve social interaction, whether it’s cooperating with other players in a multiplayer game, competing against others, or interpreting the behavior of non-player characters
Metacognitive Processing: Experienced players often engage in metacognitive processes, such as self-monitoring and self-regulation
There is no such thing as a documentary game
AI technology influences educational video games by enabling adaptive learning systems that personalize instruction
AI will have a significant role to play in the development of future videogames
eSports is a rapidly growing area within the gaming industry
Dubain inspired the setting of Spec OPs: The line
The primary goal of metaverse platforms like roblox is identity and expression
AI can revolutionize gaming
Metaverse-style environments is significant trend shaping the future of the video game industry
Data privacy and security issues is a potential challenge the video game industry needs to navigate for future growth
There are major regulatory concerns ahead for the video game industry
The major product that media sells is their readers, viewers, and listeners
economic determinism. This is the theory that the economic system of a country is the dominant influence on almost everything, including all of the content of the mass media
Although economic determinists probably assume too much influence on the media from the pressures to sell more advertising, tickets, or subscriptions, or from the related drive to maximize profits, those pressures are real. Economic factors clearly play an important role in determining what we can see, read, and hear in the media and in the kinds of media we have
The drive to attract and hold advertisers affects the amount and kinds of news available in each of the media
The influence of advertising is most obvious when you read your local newspaper
Public relations is the unseen hand that shapes a large amount of the “news” and entertainment that we encounter in our communication environment
Public relations is involved in the distribution of government related news
When those who own any of the news media also have other business interests, another hurdle is placed in the path of journalistic objectivity
The reason why ownership control is more of a problem today than it was 50 years ago is because today more media has been taken over by a giant, international corporations that have financial interests in many of the issues the media report on
The content of our media is strongly influenced by the drive to sell more books, papers, and tickets, to export movies and television series overseas, to auction movie and television rights to books, and to merchandise characters popularized in the media—e.g., selling dolls, T-shirts, and other products based on them
A novel with the potential for adaptation to the screen has a better chance of being selected by a publisher
Advertisements are important for funding media and helping to market media content, they make up only a big part of our communication mosaics.
Better Business Bureau. This is an organization of business people that attempts to eliminate business practices that hurt the image of business—such as practices that are unfair to consumers
Federal Trade Commission Act that outlawed unfair methods of doing business
Advertising existed at least five thousand years ago, but its modern form started with the printing press. Serious efforts to control misleading advertising, however, did not begin until early in the 20th century
Advertising began long before the development of the printing press
The primary business of the first advertising agency, organized in 1840, was to buy space from newspaper and magazine publishers at a special rate and resell it to advertisers at higher rates
Developing a storyboard for a tv commercial is an important function of the advertising agency
direct approach, which emphasizes information about the product,
(2) the indirect approach, which attempts to associate the product with something potential purchasers believe to be attractive, and
(3) the saliency approach, which simply tries to make people remember the name or brand.
Direct and indirect approaches are designed to shape attitudes of consumers
The saliency approach attempts to no attitude change, it just tries to increase the likelihood that when you consider buying a product you'll think of that brand
Indirect approach has a lot of criticism
The optimum advertising campaign depends on the kind of product or service, the kind of customer likely to buy it, the form of distribution, the competition, the sales goal, and the advertising budget available. Among the key decisions in the campaign is whether the advertising appeals or strategies will be direct, indirect, or simply aimed at making the brand name salient
The more attention an ad gets and the shorter attention span required for people to remember it, the greater an advertisement’s visual efficiency
cost per thousand—the cost divided by the number of thousands of people an advertisement reaches
Advertising research can tell the client the kinds of elements an advertisement ought to have, the kinds of media to use, and when and how often to use them so that the advertising will most likely have the desirable impact on potential customers. Research done to test whether and why an advertising campaign succeeded or failed is as important as research done to guide the development of the campaign
Visual efficiency is a measure of How much attention an ad gets and the length of attention required to remember it.
The self-regulatory group that historically did the most to eliminate deceptive advertising practices was the Advertising Self-Regulatory Council (ASRC) it was then replaced by the Better Business Bureau’s National Advertising Division
The self-regulatory group that historically did the most to eliminate deceptive advertising in the United States was the ASRC
Advertising clearly has both positive and negative aspects. Like public relations, it is designed to influence your attitudes and behaviors. Whether intentional or not, though, advertising is useful for most people in that it saves search time and often makes us more confident about our purchasing decisions.
Most consumers believe that the more a product is advertised, the better it must be
The nature of the symbol relationship is a comparison
It must be admitted that the idea of the symbol cannot be sharply delimited at all times
Edward Bernays, a pioneer in the art of advertising, described How humans can be persuaded to change their habits if it will help them to follow the crowd in his book, Crystallizing Public Opinion.
Abraham Maslow contributed significantly to the field of advertising by saying all humans have a hierarchy of needs
An advertisement that features a popular celebrity to convince you to purchase a product is using the Likeability strategy
Traditional advertisements were contextual, they were put in specific places - or contexts - where advertisers expected people to be
Billboards placed on busy highways are examples of contextual advertising
The significance of making ads clickable links was that advertisers could count the number of clicks to get a sense of how many people saw the ad
No business or organization can avoid involvement in public relations. The only choice is whether to work consciously at creating good impressions on the public or publics with whom one is involved, or whether to leave those impressions to chance. If the decision is to work consciously at building and maintaining good public relationships, one must decide whether to do it on one’s own or to hire public relations professionals
Public relations tend to be less obvious than advertising
Press agentry, the flamboyant, show-business type of public relations with little regard for truth, flourished in America throughout the 1800s, spawning many of our legends of western heroes
The history of public relations in this country stretches from the efforts to encourage British citizens to emigrate to the new world, through the Boston Tea Party, to the “spin doctors” trying to alter the perceptions of journalists about who “won” the latest presidential campaign debates. The major boost to public relations was the anti-business attitude that prevailed at the turn of the century as a result of shady business practices. American businesses had a clear need to change those attitudes. Since then, public relations has become a sophisticated, research-based profession.
The most responsible factor for making public relations a major industry was the strong anti business attitudes aroused by questionable business practices in the late 19th centuries
Public relations may involve concealing as well as revealing or shaping bits of information
Public relations involves communication with both external publics and a company's own employees
Public relations may involve concealing as well as revealing or shaping bits of information. More often, it involves the attempt to explain actions to a variety of publics, each of which has different concerns. What little regulation exists comes from the organizations of public relations professionals.
The products of public relations are everywhere in our communication mosaics, although we are seldom aware of them as public relations. The exception is when something bad occurs and an organization must make special efforts to minimize damage to its reputation. Whether we are aware of the fact or not, our perceptions of most organizations and public figures have been shaped by their public relations efforts
The US postal service is a mass medium
Direct mail is used for political ads and public relations
Direct mail has become a major form of mass communication in this country, especially for political and sales communication. The combination of easily available mailing lists, computer technology for automated word processing, and the effectiveness of such communication has made direct mail a major mass communication industry.
Buttons, bumper stickers, and the many related media like hats an t-shirts are interesting forms of mass communication. They are not only persuasive messages but also displays of commitment and membership in some special group.
Although outdoor advertising has existed in some form since the days when people first began selling goods and services, the modern outdoor advertising era is largely a product of the automobile age. Developments in lithography also furthered outdoor advertising
Both government and self-regulation of the outdoor advertising industry have probably reduced the visual pollution caused by outdoor advertising
The important audience measures for outdoor advertising are traffic count and space position value.
Space position value is a measure of how long and how well someone going by will see a sign in that location.
Graffiti are probably the most open and visible of all our “open-access” channels, especially for anti establishment messages
Virtually all exposure to graffiti, billboards, message buttons, bumper stickers, and direct mail is unplanned by the receiver. On the other hand, it is carefully planned by many of the creators of these message forms to ensure maximum exposure by their intended audiences. The low level of attention that results may tend to increase, rather than decrease, the effectiveness of the messages
David sarnoff was largely responsible for the success of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
Spade detector - by deforest, won an award for it
De forest stole the spade idea, lost in court
The Audion was by de forest, his greatest accomplishment according to himself
Armstrong is the greatest inventor from the 20th century
Regeneration by Armstrong was the single most important advance in the history of radio
20,000 beats per sec
Marconi Company wanted to get Armstrong invention in his company, it was Sarnoff that wanted to sign him
Armstrong built the first regeneration circuit, deforest didn't even know how is invention worked til armstrong published how to
Sarnoff made NBC
Armstrong lost the patent to his invention bc he didnt patent it , to de forest
De forest got married FOUR times
Armstrong discovered FM
De forest proclaimed himself as the grandpa of tv