Chapter2F24_GenChem
Page 1: Announcements
Attendance Code: 2778
Next Class Preparation:
Actively read Chapters 2.3 and 3.6.
Watch required pre-recorded videos (Week 2).
Complete the Weekly Quiz on Aktiv Chemistry (due Wednesday).
No class on Monday (long weekend).
Check Lab syllabus and Blackboard; Labs on Tuesday and Thursday.
Page 2: The Scientific Method
Process of Discovery:
Observe and identify a problem.
Perform research.
Develop question and testable hypothesis.
Create method of analysis and make predictions.
Conduct experiments multiple times.
Interpret and analyze data, then draw conclusions.
Theory Development:
A tested and supported hypothesis, not "proven."
Einstein's quote: "A single experiment can prove me wrong."
Page 3: Scientific Observations
Observation and Curiosity:
Constant observations lead to the formation of laws.
Hypothesis testing contributes to knowledge.
Experimentation:
More experiments lead to hypothesis refinement and theory development.
Page 4: Chemistry Texts
Reading Assignments:
Chemistry: Atoms First 2e, Chapter 2 (Atoms, Molecules, and Ions).
Practice with OpenStax UCONN Chem - Atoms First.
Page 5: Historical Foundations in Chemistry
Matter Inquiry:
Debate: Is matter continuous or indivisible?
Key Figures:
John Dalton (atomic theory).
Boyle: Element and compound definitions.
Priestly and Lavoisier: Law of Mass Conservation.
Proust: Law of Definite Proportions.
Law of Multiple Proportions.
Page 6: Mass Ratios and Calculations
Calculations:
Simplest whole number mass ratios of compounds (e.g., H2O, H2O2).
Oxygen amount in carbon combustion.
C to O mass ratio calculations for two CO compounds.
Page 7: Dalton's Atomic Theory
Atomic Composition:
Matter = tiny particles called atoms.
Elements consist of one type of atom.
Atoms differ among elements in properties.
Compounds formed by atoms of multiple elements.
Atoms rearranged but neither created nor destroyed.
Page 8: More Chemistry Reading
Reading Assignments:
Chemistry: Atoms First 2e, Chapters 2.2-2.3.
Page 9: Atomic Structure
Nucleus and Electron Cloud:
Nucleus: Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral).
Accounts for most mass: Mass # = Atomic # + Neutrons.
Electron cloud contains electrons (-), defines overall charge.
Page 10: Atomic Identity
Atom Characteristics:
Atoms are neutral, differ by atomic number (Z, protons).
Organized in the periodic table (e.g., Carbon, Nitrogen).
Page 11: Isotopes
Definition:
Atoms with the same Z but different mass numbers (A).
Isotopes retain chemical properties; differ in mass.
Page 12: Atomic Weight
Periodic Table:
Atomic weight = average atom mass (amu).
Weight derived from natural isotope abundances.
Page 13: Atomic Nucleus
Nucleus Positioning:
Small, positively charged nucleus occupies minimal atom volume.
Page 14: Nucleus vs. Atom Volume
Volume Comparison:
Nucleus (10^-15 m) vs. Atom (10^-10 m).
Page 15: Electrons
Electron Properties:
Negatively charged, light, repel one another.
Form outer boundary of atom, influence interaction.
Page 16-17: Discoveries Related to Electrons
Thomson's and Millikan's Experiments:
Thomson: Cathode rays are electrons.
Millikan: Determined individual electron charge and mass.
Page 18-19: Class Announcements
Attendance Code: 5978
Prepare for Class: Read Chapter 2.4.
Daily Quiz on Aktiv Chemistry by 8 AM (before class).
Must rework assignments before Tests 1A & 1B.
Page 20-22: Practice Assignments
Rework questions in various math categories (multiplication, fractions, etc.).
Neutral atoms charge balancing concepts (ions, cations, anions).
Page 23: Subatomic Particles Summary
Primary Particles Comparison:
Electron, Proton, Neutron: Charge, weight, and mass presentation.
Page 24: Atomic Mass Calculation
Example with Helium:
Various isotopes of He with calculations for atomic mass.
Page 25: Practice Problems
Subatomic Particles Count:
Given isotopes, determine subatomic particle counts.
Weighted average calculations for atomic mass.
Page 26-29: Significant Figures Practice
Practice Calculation Examples:
Counting significant figures in value sets.
Page 30-36: Rules and Practice on Significant Figures
Significant Figures Rules Explained:
Non-zero numbers, zero placement in numbers, and calculations.
Page 37-39: Practice Problems
Atomic Mass & Mole conversions practice.
Page 40: Class Expectations for Exam 1A
Attendance Code: 7395
Review material for exam structure and preparation.
Page 41-57: Practice and Understanding of Molar Mass and Mole Concept
Various practice assignments on molecular masses and conversions.
Page 58-59: Isomer Examples
Outline differences in structural isomers with shared molecular formulas.