2nd Semester Hon Western Civ Exam Review Guide

What did the Edict of Milan do? legalized Christianity

Constantine’s motives in issuing Edict of Milan: 1. Gratitude to God for victory at Milan Bridge 2. Influence of his Christian mother 3. Gain support of numerous Christians through Empire

Arian belief regarding Jesus is that he is not God

4th century methods used to deal with disputes threatening Church councils

Points regarding creeds:

1. to be memorize and recite

2. teaches the decisions of the council

3. they helped the Church to have unified beliefs

4. combat heresy

doctrine clarified in Nicene Creed: Trinity

Positive results of Christianity being the official state religion:

1. laws become based on Christian morals and values

2. Sunday becomes a day of rest

3. the “games” are ended (gladiator combat)

4. The church is now protected by its own courts and tax exemption.

Negative results of Christianity being the official state religion:

1. corruption and hypocrisy since everyone has to join

2. Sunday becomes a day of rest

3. Church is paganised as new “converts” continue old ways

Ambrose's concept of church and state relations:

Church is preeminent because it controls salvation

Reasons for the rise of the bishop of Rome (pope) to preeminence:

1. Rome was original center and capital of the empire

2. Associated with Peter and Paul

3. Bishop had provided leadership when emperors fled during barbarians invasions

aspects/parts of Petrine Theory:

1. Matthew 16:18, God gives Peter authority over the Church (the keys)

2. Peter later became the bishop of Rome (first pope).

3. all succeeding popes claim to inherit Peter's authority

Ways Gregory the Great increased papal authority:

1. authored Pastoral Care

2. settled disputes between Church officials

3. sent missionaries to Canterbury

roots of European medieval culture

Christianity

Germanic culture,

Classical (Greek--Roman) culture

factors contributing to successful conversion of Germans to Christianity

Focus on:

1. converting the chieftain, who would then convert the rest

2. education/edification/encouragement

3. assimilation

4. accommodation

Outcome of the Northumbrian Synod of Whitby:

Christianity in England will be Roman Catholic not Celtic

changing social attitudes of the Church toward:

1. women are unclean and inferior

2. marriage is for the spiritually weak, but necessary for procreation

3. increasingly rural society hostile toward homosexuality

4. Greco-Roman increasingly encouraged

ideas/views expressed by St. Augustine:

society hostile toward homosexuality

ideas/views expressed by St. Augustine:

1. sin nature makes man dependent on God's grace for salvation

2. Church is made up of both believers unbelievers

3. Sacrament doesn't depend on spiritual condition of the administering priest

4. The State is a necessary evil to provide peace and justice

Reasons for the emergence of monasticism:

1. inspiration of early hermits (St. Anthony)

2. need new mortar

3. secularism and corruption invading the Church

4. Asceticism frees the soul to focus on God

problems associated with eremitical monasticism:

1. dangers isolation (wild animals and harsh weather)

2. hermits draw disciples and become celebrities

3. becomes faddish and competitive

3. contradicts Great Commission

Reasons for the success of the Rule of St. Benedict:

1. flexibility and a adaptability

2. moderation - balance between asceticism and activity

3. economically independent

4. structurally simple (3-fold vow)

Reasons for German migrations throughout the Roman Empire:

1. looking for loot

2. looking for jobs

3. refugees from wars

Tribes unified by Clovis:

Franks

Reason for Clovis's conversion to RCC:

gain support of Roman Catholics in Europe against Arian Germanic tribes

characteristics of German culture and life:

1. Polygamy

2. women were property and did heavy work

3. fines (compensation) were the form of Punishment

4. social status determined by amount of cattle owned

Importance of Arthurian legend:

shows Celtic resentment at the Anglo-Saxon invaders

Factors contributing to the separation of Christianity into eastern and western branches:

1. disagreement over leader (Pope vs. Patriarch)

2. disagreement over church-state relationship

3. moving of capital to the east

4. different languages

Byzantine achievements:

1. Greco-Roman learning is preserved and transmitted

2. Roman Law is organized, codified and Christianized conversion and "civilizing" of the Balkan and Russian slavs

Muhammad's vision

told him he Allah's messenger

Reason for Muhammad's flight (hegira) from Mecca:

chased out by merchants who worried he would scare off pilgrims

Five Pillars:

1. recite the creed ("There is no god but....")

2. aIms to the poor

3. pilgrimage once to Mecca

4. fasting during Ramadan (sunrise to sunset)

5. prayer 5 times a day kneeling toward Mecca

Issue which caused split in Islam during 7th century

Leadership Muhammad's death

Areas conquered by Islam:

1. Spain

2. India

3. North Africa

4. Persia

Main reason for instability and civil conflict during Merovingian period

no clear principle of succession

Methods used by Merovingians to rule and administer

1. dukes (dux)

2. counts (contes)

3. conpitulanes

4. mayor of palace

Methods used by the Merovingians to raise revenues:

1. land tax

2. right of hospitality

3. fines,

4. minting coins

Reasons for the emergence of the Carolingian dynasty to power in the Frankish Kingdom:

1. alliance with Church Papal

2. Marriage alliances expand land holdings

3. Military successes of Charles Martel against the Muslims and other Germanic tribes

impact of Donation of Pippin(Pepin) on Papacy

Popes are now secular rulers as well as spiritual leaders.

Factors leading to the creation of Charlemagne's empire

1. His intelligence, hard work, charisma

2. land added by: marriage alliances

3. military campaigns against the Avars, Saxons and Lombards

Reasons Charlemagne's imperial coronation by the pope at Rome is historically significant:

1. revives concept Roman Empire in west

2. identifies him with new Rome of the Catholic Church

3. basis for papal claim of supremacy over supremacy over state

Charlemagne's concept of kingship

1. a successful military leader

2. Political Augustinianism - king to rules for eternal benefit of subjects king must respect, enforce and follow the law

3. revival of the position of the Roman Emperor

Achievements of the Carolingian Renaissance... promote:

1. education of clergy

2. minisqual

3. better understanding of Scripture and of Christian writers

creation of 11 libraries (through copying preserving manuscripts)

Reasons for the decline of Charlemagne's empire:

1. too many different types of peoples (nationalism)

2. local nobles desire to control local affairs (be independent)

3. Viking raids

Results of the Treaty of Verdun in 843:

1. divided Charlemagne's empire into 3 kingdoms

2. ended long period of civil war between Charlemagne's grandsons

3. temporarily ends inheritance issues due to lack of primogeniture, established the basis for modern Germany and France

Main reason for the development of serfdom:

peasants needed protection from attacks

Groups that invaded Europe in the 9th century:

1. Vikings

2. Magyars

3. Muslims

Reasons for Viking invasions:

1. Loot

2. Crop failures

3. over popoulation

Influences/roots of Kievan culture

1. Slavs

2. Vikings

3. Orthodoxy

Characteristics of the "modern state"

1. facilitate commerce and finance

2. definite geography boundaries

3. a body of laws and govermental institution

4. loyalty of citizens(nationism)

Necessary for medieval rulers to establish a modern state:

good network of commication

control nobility

regular sources of tax revenues

milltary (professional army) - loyal tostate

Achievements of Alfred the Great:

1. defeated VIkings restricting them to Danelaw

2. unifted Anglo - saxon under one rule

3. built first navy

4. made local rulers responsible to the king

Achievement of Hugh Capet:

established heretiary succession of French monarcy

How Otto I strengthened centralized rule in Germany

1. curbed independence of nobility

2. practiced lay investuture

3. destroyed the threat of the Mayers

Methods used by William the Conqueror to exercise stronger centralized rule in England:

1. replaced the Anglo saxons nobles with loyal normans

2. venacular writs to get orders to the local sheriff

3. mandatory oaths of primary loyalty to king

4. Witan (council of nobles) continued (as Curia Regis)

Purpose of Doomsday Book:

enabled William I to have better control of England's tax revenues

Limits on Capetian king's ability to raise revenues

can only tax to fight "just" wars

Ways Louis IX strengthened French monarchy:

1. sent judges out to check up on bailles and insure justice

2. created the Parliment of Paris (court) which also published royal laws

3. personal piety and concern for justice for the common people

Reasons Henry II lost in his conflict with the Church:

1. Becket turned and promoted Benefit of Clergy

2. Becket was murdered by Henry's knights

3. Beckets death made him a maytar - helping Church's cause

Why Richard the Lionhearted was a bad king:

1. indebted England to pay his ransom

2. never home - 6 month in England

3. wasted money on Crusades

Why John signed Magna Carta:

Forced to b/c he violated traditional rights of nobility

Principles found in Magna Carta:

1. right to do process of law

2. right to force the king to obey the laws

3. no tax with no representation

Problems plaguing papacy by 11th century:

1. papal elections controlled by competing aristocratic Roman families

2. position used for political and person gain

3. three different claimants at same time

4. underage, unqualified and immoral popes

How popes gained office after the Lateran Synod (1059):

elected by college of cardinals

Why pope Gregory VII opposed lay investiture:

hindered papacy from controlling and reforming the Church

Why kings want lay investiture:

provided educated administrators at the Churches expense

provided a source of revenue (simiony, relief)

loyalty and patroage of Church lands critical to offset powerful nobility

Outcome of Investiture Controversy/Struggle(Concordat of Worms):

Church picks clergy but Kings can veto by withholding right to the land

Who benefited most from the Investiture Struggle... why ?

nobles ... since kings power weakend

How papal curia strengthened papacy

1. organized into specialize department

2. highly educated bureaucracy (canon lawyers)

3. providing peeles courts for those dissatisfied with secular justice

Main purpose of Chivalry:

so knights would act Christain

Duties of vassal knight

1. 40 days yearly of millitary service

2. guard duty at lord's castles

3. attend weddings of lord's children and contribute ("gracious problems with young knights travel

Problems with young knights:

1. Travel around in groups and stir up trouble

2. couldn't marry until received inheritence

3. tenison with father as awaiting their inheritence

4. pastime of torments often were violent

Ways kings overcame problems of troublesome nobles:

1. allied with middle class to build stronger centralized government

2. Church taught/preached message of man's duty of loyal to goverment

3. sending/encouraging nobles to go on crusades

Monasticism served the nobility by providing:

a non - Violent career option

educated adminstration to assist nobles

way for the sinner to be reconciled with God

Motives for becoming monks:

1. fear of hell

2. disgust with the world

3. get education

Head of a convent:

abbess

What's a choir monk?

aristocratic monk

Services provided by monasteries:

1. schools

2. hospitals

3. hotels

What was the "Truce of God":

Church attempt to limit the number of days fighting was allowed

Reasons for monastic decline during the 9th century

1. must provide millitary service

2. Viking and Magyar attacks

3. influence/control of secular fuedal lords

Reasons for success of monastery at Cluny:

1. endowed by Duke William as free from fuedal obligations and control

2. accountable only to the Pope

3. capable abbotts emphasized good behavior and economic management

Reforms advocated by Cluny:

1. end simony

2. clerical celebacy

3. strict astecism

Steps/safeguards Cistercians introduced:

1. accept only distant, uncultivated lands

2. simple literacy and ceremony

3. avoid admitting powerful lay man

Poverty movement participants:

1. Fransicans

2. Poor Claires

3. Waldensians

4. Albigensians

Reasons/motives for papacy launching the Crusades:

1. complaints by pilgrams of a buse by Seljic Turks

2. redirect Knightly agression energy to outside of Europe

3. Reunify East and West churches under people leadership 

4. recovery lost prestiges in investiture struggles

 Motives of Crusaders:

1. serves criminals could gain freedom

2. Wealth

3. Travel and Adventure

4. direct entrance to Heaven if killed

5. time off purgatory (indulgence) for participation

Achievement of the First Crusade:

four Crusader States established in the Holy Land

Achievement of Third Crusade:

3-year truce allowing people to visit Jerusalem

Achievement of Fourth Crusade:

Crusaders sacked Constantinople

Long-term impact of Crusades:

1. Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire

2. opened trade opportunities between Europe and Far East

3. greater East/West tension

What was the Reconquista:

Drive Muslims out of Spain (the Iberian Peninsula)

Reasons for Europe's political/economic recovery, 10th to 12th centuries:

1. Better weather increases agricultural production 

2. Mechanization (windmills) means greater productivity

3. Vikings assimilated in Normandy and England

Duties/obligations of serfs:

1. pay arbitrary fees and taxes to the lord

2. marriages must be approved by Lord

3. work 3 to 4 days a week for Lord

4. pay to use ovens meals and presses 

How serfs gain freedom:

1. Manumission third party redemption

2. live one year in a day in privileged (independent) town 

3. freed by Lord

What is the demesne?

Lord's land cultivated by serfs

Techniques/innovations that created agricultural productivity:

1. crop rotation

2. Fertilizer

3. horse collar

4. iron tools

Foods typically part of a peasant diet:

1. Bread

2. Turnips

3. Pottage

4. Cabbage

5. Ale

Reason for cesarean births:

Baptized baby before it it dies in the womb of dead mother

Ways religion is incorporated in everyday life:

1. Calendar revolved around Christian holy days

2. church was the center of town life

3. priest, most knowledge person in village

Characteristics of the cult of saints:

1. Saints are humans so they can relate to our problems/failings and intercede

2. Patron saints for specific places and professions

3. pilgrimage business and Relic trade was very profitable

The seven sacraments:

1. Baptism

2. Penance

3. Eutheist

4. Confirmation

5. Extreme Unction

Purgatory can be avoided or lessened by:

1.  Prayers

2.  Indulgences

3.  Pilgrimages

4.  Crusades

Reasons for oblation:

1.  gifts or offerings as a atonement for sins of parents

2.  good comer for younger son who won't inherit property/title

3.  ongoing intercessor for family

Reasons for anti-Semitism

1. resentment of interest payments 

2. Resend Jewish exemption from churches' forbiddance of usuary  

3. Xenophobia 

Locations for medieval towns:

1.  pilgrimage sites

2.  River Crossings

3.  Crossroads

4.  Fort/fortified areas

Functions of the guilds:

1.   provided quality standards and prices for products

2.  careful family of deceased members

3.  met civil and social needs of community

4.  Provided an Education System

 Factors contributing to commerce rev:

1.  road Revolution

2.  minting of silver

3.  home and branch offices

What was the Hanseatic League 

trading Union up the northern cities

Aquinas's synthesis of faith and reason:

Reason and Faith should each other 

Gothic architecture characteristics:

1.  flying burcreases 

2.  stained glass

3.  pointed arches

Roman Catholic Church response to heresy:

Inquisition

Problems of the 14th century:

1. inflation

2. Black Death 

3. little Ice Age 

4. peasant revolts  

5. 100 Years' War

Results/consequences of the plague:

1.  increased wages

2.  slavery revived

3.  Pessimism 

4.  resentment toward the Church

5.  demographic shifts 

Causes of the Hundred Years' War:

1. French interference in English-Flemish wool trade

2. English king claims right to French throne

3. French attempt to seize Aquitaine from England

Reasons why the English wear Victoria's story much of the 100 Year War (pre-1432): 

• English Longbow Superior to French Knights

• french navy destroyed, thus fighting was in France

• economic impact of Jaquire and King John's Ransom

• French divided by Civil War

• England had psychological advantage

Results of the Hundred Years' War:

1. English Parliament strengthened

2. French monarchy strengthened nobility weakened

3. England could now focus on England and not worry about the French lands

4. changing fighting method and Technology

Reasons for the decline of the 14th-century Roman Catholic Church:

1. Babylonian captivity

2. corruption wealth of clergy

3. great schism

4. rise a strong National monarchys 

Responses to the decline of the 14th- century Roman Catholic Church: 

1. Consiliary movement

2. Franciscans

3. Hus, wincliff

The Babylonian captivity of the church was:

Papacy under French control in Avignon

Impact of the Babylonian captivity:

1. England rejected a papacy control by enemy France

2. Popes are seen as focused primarily on material wealth

3. Italians upset since papal authority rests on papal leadership in Rome

Great Schism:

two, then three popes same time

Impact of Great Schism/Western Schism: 

1. Europe split along political lines

2. increased financial burden of supporting multiple papacies

3. proves needed for reform

4. Strengths consiliar movement 

Ideas found in the Defensor Pacis of Marsilius of Padua:

1. government's purpose is to provide sufficient life

2. state has coercive power but not church 

3. basis for authority besides in the people

4. Church's Authority should reside in councils, not popes

Points regarding Wycliff:

1. Attack on Avignon Papacy popular during 100 Years War

2. attack on Church ownership of property popular with nobility

3. scripture is the only Authority

4. encourage translation of Bible into English

5. denial of transubstantiation made him unpopular 

Points regarding Hus:

1. influenced by teaching of Wycliff

2. preach reform in Bohemia in the Czech language

3. promise safe conduct and hearing at Council of constance

4. burned without trial at demonstration of council's authority  

Goals of the Council of Constance:

1. end great schism

2. suppress heresy

3. reform church

Reasons for the failure of the conciliar movement at the Council of Constance:

1.  National monarchs were bought off by Pope

2.  councils elect a pope that would not carry out reforms

3.  emerging nationalism works against concept of unity necessary for councils

Examples of fur color crime:

1.  kidnapping Rich for ransom

2.  bribing judges

3.  intimidate Witnesses

Reasons for the fur collar crime:

weak central government, “ unemployed” knights need to maintain luxurious lifestyle incomes not keeping Pace with inflation

Reason for peasant revolts during the 14th century:

1. over tax to pay for Wars

2. upset at wealth of clergy

3. wages not keeping up with the prices

4. Fur collar crime

Results of ethnic tensions caused by peasant movement east of plague:

1.  legal discrimination 

2. Ghettoization 

3. guilds become racist

Significance of Divine Comedy: 

1. vernacular creates nationalism

2. condemns Church corruption

3. Blends classical

4. contemporary and Christian

Appeal of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales:

1. Vernacular

2. portrays reality

3. common subjects/characters

4. humorous