Geography Unit 2 Test

Types of Industries

• Primary: Raw materials gathered from nature (Fishing, forestry, mining, farming).

• Secondary: Processing or manufacturing (Factories, food processing).

• Tertiary: Provision of services (Teachers, doctors, retail, transportation).

• Quaternary: Knowledge and technology sectors (Research, IT, media, tech).

Business Classifications

• Basic industries: Industrial sectors that bring money into the community from outside sources (Mining, oil and gas, tourism).

• Non-basic industries: Industrial sectors where money stays within and circulates throughout the local community (Grocery stores, hair salons, schools, doctors).

Forestry

• Industry Roles: Provides employment, supplies wood, paper, and building materials, and serves as a major export sector.

• Harvesting Methods:

  • Clear cutting: A method that is inexpensive, fast, and effective, but results in habitat loss and soil erosion.

  • Selective Logging: A method that causes less environmental damage but is more expensive and slower.

• Environmental Impacts: Deforestation, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and increased carbon emissions.

• Invasive Species: The Pine beetle kills trees, weakens forest health, and increases the risk of wildfires.

Travel & Tourism

• Travel Motivations: Holidays, visiting family, business, and education.

• Canadian Attractions: National parks, major cities, cultural festivals, and sports events.

• Socio-Political Impacts:

  • COVID-19: Caused travel restrictions, job losses, and reduced tourism income.

  • Summer $2025$: Resulted in increased travel and higher rates of international tourism.

• Sports Tourism (Olympics):

  • Pros: Job creation, international recognition, and improved infrastructure.

  • Cons: High operational costs, environmental damage, and facilities that may go unused after the event.

Energy Resources

• Renewable Energy: Resources that can be replaced naturally (Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal).

• Non-Renewable Energy: Resources in limited supply (Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear).

• Flow Resources:

  • Geothermal: Heat sourced from the earth.

  • Biomass: Energy from organic material.

  • Nuclear: Large energy output that produces radioactivity.

  • Solar: Energy from sunlight.

  • Wind: Energy from moving air.

  • Tidal: Energy from moving tides.

  • Hydro-Electric: Energy from moving water.

Geographic Perspectives

• Economic: Focuses on jobs, money, and trade.

• Social: Focuses on quality of life, communities, and health.

• Environmental: Focuses on pollution, ecosystems, and sustainability.

• Political: Focuses on laws, government decisions, and regulations.

Global Trade

• Imports: Goods brought into the country (e.g., electronics, vehicles, clothing).

• Exports: Goods sent out of the country (e.g., oil, lumber, minerals, wheat).

• Trade Systems:

  • Free Trade: A system with fewer barriers resulting in cheaper goods.

  • Tariffs: Taxes placed on imports to encourage local purchasing.

• Trade Pattern Drivers: Resource availability, climate, technology, and trade agreements.

Mining

• Industry Roles: Provides raw materials, supports manufacturing, and serves as a major export.

• Mining Methods:

  • Surface mining: Cheaper and safer, but results in significant land damage.

  • Underground mining: Causes less surface damage but is dangerous and expensive.

• Mining Stages: Exploration (finding materials), extraction (removing resources), beneficiation (processing ore), mine closure (stopping operations), and reclamation (restoring the land).

Fishing & Water Usage

• Industry Roles: Food supply, job creation, and cultural importance.

• Fishing Types:

  • Inshore: Small boats operating near the coastline.

  • Offshore: Large boats operating in the deep ocean.

• Cod Industry Change: The industry collapsed in the $1990s$, leading to job losses and fishing bans; this serves as a case study for the necessity of sustainability.