Tauranga Maori and Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Fisheries

  • Presentation Overview

    • Topic of discussion: Tauranga Maori and traditional ecological knowledge.
    • Key focus: Traditional Maori fishing method "Tokoda" for monitoring crayfish populations (Kora) in lakes.
    • Acknowledgements to supporting organizations: NIWA, University of Waikato, and local councils.

  • Understanding Kora

    • Kora (freshwater crayfish): Two species in New Zealand, mainly found in lakes of the Central North Island.
    • Northern Kora (green) and Southern Kora (blue).
    • Historical significance for the Maori; lakes were abundant in Kora as they were isolated from sea predators like eels.
    • Decline of Kora populations over the last 50 years attributed to invasive species, habitat degradation, and nutrient overload leading to eutrophication.

  • Challenges in Monitoring Kora

    • Previous sampling methods were ineffective in capturing all sizes and genders.
    • Scuba diving biased towards larger Kora, ineffective during algal blooms.
    • Bait traps were expensive, only caught large males, inadequate for population studies.
    • In collaboration with local knowledge (traditional ecological practices), searching for sustainable methods for monitoring Kora populations.

  • Traditional Tokoda Method

    • Description: Use of bundles of bracken fern ($Whakaueke$) as artificial reefs to attract Kora.
    • Significantly better at capturing all sizes and sexes of Kora.
    • Historical context: Use of Tokoda in places like Lake Wotaroa, where Kora were abundant and monitored traditionally.
    • Fishing grounds were designated and managed by families, ensuring sustainable use.

  • Construction of Tokoda

    • Materials for setup: Bracken fern, ropes, anchors.
    • Methodology: Bundles placed on lake bottom; Kora seek shelter in the bundles.
    • Benefits of Tokoda:
    • Enhances populations by providing safe habitat; minimizes bycatch.
    • Long-lasting; can remain functional for years in water.

  • PhD Research Findings

    • Data demonstrated effective use of Tokoda for sampling in various lakes.
    • Influencer factors for Kora populations considered: Nitrogen levels, sediment types, predatory fish dynamics.
    • Documentation of regional differences based on sediment composition and historical eruptions affecting nutrient supply.

  • Regulatory Implications

    • Recommendations for sustainable fishing regulations based on traditional practices.
    • Preserving female populations, seasonal fishing limits, and minimum size regulations.
    • Comparison between traditional knowledge and western scientific approaches highlighted significant parallels in fishing practices and success.

  • Long-term Monitoring and Collaboration

    • Working with iwi (tribes) to ensure all cultural practices acknowledged in data collection and analysis.
    • Over 14 years of data showing population changes influenced by both environmental and anthropogenic factors.
    • Methods applied for ecological monitoring not only for Kora but adapted for broader resource management practices.

  • Global Applications of Tokoda

    • Adaptation of Tokoda method for other freshwater ecosystems worldwide, demonstrating its universal relevance and effectiveness.
    • Presented findings at international conferences for knowledge sharing and collaboration.

  • Conservation Efforts

    • Addressing the ecological threats posed by invasive species like catfish impacting Kora populations.
    • Utilizing traditional knowledge to mitigate and adapt environmental restoration initiatives.

  • Conclusion

    • Emphasis on blending traditional ecological knowledge with modern scientific methods for sustainable fisheries management.
    • Ongoing challenges in collaboration but opportunities for enriching conservation efforts through combined practices.
    • Acknowledging mentors and contributors is crucial for continuing the legacy of traditional ecological practices.