Tauranga Maori and Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Fisheries

Presentation Overview

• Topic of discussion: Tauranga Maori and traditional ecological knowledge.
• Key focus: Traditional Maori fishing method "Tokoda" for monitoring crayfish populations (Kora) in lakes.
• Acknowledgements to supporting organizations: NIWA, University of Waikato, and local councils.

Understanding Kora

• Kora (freshwater crayfish): Two species in New Zealand, mainly found in lakes of the Central North Island.
• Northern Kora (green) and Southern Kora (blue).
• Historical significance for the Maori; lakes were abundant in Kora as they were isolated from sea predators like eels.
• Decline of Kora populations over the last 50 years attributed to invasive species, habitat degradation, and nutrient overload leading to eutrophication.

Challenges in Monitoring Kora

• Previous sampling methods were ineffective in capturing all sizes and genders.
• Scuba diving biased towards larger Kora, ineffective during algal blooms.
• Bait traps were expensive, only caught large males, inadequate for population studies.
• In collaboration with local knowledge (traditional ecological practices), searching for sustainable methods for monitoring Kora populations.

Traditional Tokoda Method

• Description: Use of bundles of bracken fern ($Whakaueke$) as artificial reefs to attract Kora.
• Significantly better at capturing all sizes and sexes of Kora.
• Historical context: Use of Tokoda in places like Lake Wotaroa, where Kora were abundant and monitored traditionally.
• Fishing grounds were designated and managed by families, ensuring sustainable use.

Construction of Tokoda

• Materials for setup: Bracken fern, ropes, anchors.
• Methodology: Bundles placed on lake bottom; Kora seek shelter in the bundles.
• Benefits of Tokoda:
• Enhances populations by providing safe habitat; minimizes bycatch.
• Long-lasting; can remain functional for years in water.

PhD Research Findings

• Data demonstrated effective use of Tokoda for sampling in various lakes.
• Influencer factors for Kora populations considered: Nitrogen levels, sediment types, predatory fish dynamics.
• Documentation of regional differences based on sediment composition and historical eruptions affecting nutrient supply.

Regulatory Implications

• Recommendations for sustainable fishing regulations based on traditional practices.
• Preserving female populations, seasonal fishing limits, and minimum size regulations.
• Comparison between traditional knowledge and western scientific approaches highlighted significant parallels in fishing practices and success.

Long-term Monitoring and Collaboration

• Working with iwi (tribes) to ensure all cultural practices acknowledged in data collection and analysis.
• Over 14 years of data showing population changes influenced by both environmental and anthropogenic factors.
• Methods applied for ecological monitoring not only for Kora but adapted for broader resource management practices.

Global Applications of Tokoda

• Adaptation of Tokoda method for other freshwater ecosystems worldwide, demonstrating its universal relevance and effectiveness.
• Presented findings at international conferences for knowledge sharing and collaboration.

Conservation Efforts

• Addressing the ecological threats posed by invasive species like catfish impacting Kora populations.
• Utilizing traditional knowledge to mitigate and adapt environmental restoration initiatives.

Conclusion

• Emphasis on blending traditional ecological knowledge with modern scientific methods for sustainable fisheries management.
• Ongoing challenges in collaboration but opportunities for enriching conservation efforts through combined practices.
• Acknowledging mentors and contributors is crucial for continuing the legacy of traditional ecological practices.