Untitled Flashcards Set

CHAPTER 9

Key terms:

Developmental psychology: the study of how and why human beings change over their life span

in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior

Zygote: (0-2 weeks) fertilized egg contains all genetic information for new individual, single cell

Embryo: (2 weeks - 2 months) early initial developmental stage

Fetus: (2 months - birth) all organs formed, heart begins to beat, growing human

Dynamic systems theory: development self-organizing process, in which new forms of behavior

emerge through consistent interactions between a person and cultural and environmental

context

Infantile amnesia: inability to remember events before the age of 3 or 4

Some psychologists believe, infantile amnesia disappears with development of language

Object permanence: understanding object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen (9

months)

Teratogens: things that harm the embryo or fetus, such as drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, and

chemicals

Puberty: onset of sexual maturity that marks the beginning of adolescence

Hormone levels increase throughout the body

Empathy: understanding another's emotional state and share feelings of another person

Moral development

Preconventional: (earliest stage) self-interest and event outcomes determine what is

moral

Conventional: (middle stage) strict adherence to societal rules and approval of other

determine what is moral

Postconventional: (highest stage) decisions about morality depend on abstract principles

and value of all life

Gender identity: ones sense of being male, female, or nonbinary

Synaptic pruning: a process where the synaptic connection in the brain that are used are

preserved, and those that are not are lost

Attachment: strong emotional connection that can motivate care, protection, and social support-

Sensorimotor

Age: birth - 2 years

Characteristics: infants acquire information about the world through their senses

and motor skills - reflective responses develop into more deliberate actions

through development and refinement of schemes

Preoperational

Age: 2 - 7 years

Characteristics: children think symbolically about object. Reason based on

intuition and superficial appearance of things rather than logic

Concrete operational

Age: 7 - 12 years

Characteristics: children begin to think about and understand logic operations.

No longer fooled by appearances. Reason only about concrete things.

Formal operational

Age: 12 years and up

Characteristics: people can think abstractly and formulate and test hypotheses

through deductive logic

Compare and contrast “assimilation” and “accommodation”

Assimilation: the process by which we place new info into an existing schema

Accommodation: the process by which we create new schema or drastically alter an

existing schema to include new info that otherwise would not fit into the schema

What is the theory of mind?

behavior

differences

Ability to understand that other people have mental states that will influence their

Different people have both perspectives and knowledge based on their individual

What changes in the body influence pubertal development?

Hormonal changes

Growth hormone

Brain development

Physical changes: sexual maturation, growth spurt, body composition

True or false: pubertal development is only affected by biological factors?

Fase, puberty development is influenced by combination of biological, environmental,

and socio-cultural factors

(nutrition, stress, exposure to chemicals, lifestyle, family dynamics, societal

expectations)What is the difference between secure attachment and insecure attachment styles?

Secure attachment: child feels safe and comfortable in their relationship with their

caregiver due to the result of consistent and responsive caregiving. Caregiver will provide

emotional support, care, and protection.

Insecure attachment: child has confusion, anxiety, and difficulty trusting others due to

caregiver being inconsistent, unavailable, or unresponsive to their needs.

Overly dependent on caregiver, frequently seeking reassurance or attention

Early childhood (2-3 years): autonomy vs shame and doubt

Children developing sense of personal control over physical skill and sense of

independence

If children are encouraged/supported in their independence, develop autonomy.

If overly controlled or discouraged, experience shame and doubt about their

abilities

Adolescence (12-18): identity vs role confusion

Individuals face the challenge of developing a sense of personal identity. Explore

different roles, values, beliefs, and careers to form stable self concept

If adolescents are able to explore different identities and find a sense of direction

and purpose develop strong coherent identity. If struggle, experience confusion

about who they are and what they stand for

Middle adulthood (40-65): generativity vs stagnation

Focus on contributing to society and guiding future generations

Generativity involves a sense of purpose and productivity (raising children,

mentoring younger people, contributing to society), unable to and becoming self

absorbed experience stagnation.

Psychopathology: sickness or disorder of the mind

Maladaptive: interfering with person's ability to function appropriately in key life domains

DSM-5: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, classification system for

diagnosing psychological disorders in terms of measurable symptoms (signs)

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): new approach proposed by National Institute of Mental

Health, defines basic domains of functioning and considers them across multiple units/levels of

analysis, from genes to brain systems to behavior

Comorbidity: presence of two or more disorder or illnesses occurring in the same person

Dimensional approach: psychopathology exists in continuum ranging from thoughts, feelings,

and behaviors that are “normal” to symptoms that cause mild impairment to severe disturbance

Categorical approach: classifying individuals into distinct diagnostic categories based on

presence or absence of specific symptoms or criteriaCognitive-behavioral approach: a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of

learned maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors

Specific phobia: fear of a specific object or situation

Agoraphobia: anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations in which escape may be

difficult or impossible.

Schizophrenia: psychological disorder characterized by alterations in thoughts, perceptions,

consciousness, resulting in psychosis

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: characterised by frequent thoughts (obsession) and compulsive

action

Borderline personality: involves instability in identity, emotion/mood, and relationships

Antisocial personality: people diagnosed engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic

and impulsive, and lack empathy

Autism spectrum: characterized by by repetitive, respecced, inflexible patterns of behavior

interests, and activities + difficulties in social interaction and social communication

Addiction: persistent used of a substance despite negative consequences and attempts to quit

Diathesis-stress model: diagnostic model that proposed that a disorder may develop when an

underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Family systems model: psychological and therapeutic approach that views the family as an

interconnected emotional unit

Sociocultural model: a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the

interaction between individuals and their cultures

What is necessary for a behavior to be considered psychopathology?

Deviance (atypicality)

Distress (significant emotional pain or suffering)

Dysfunction (interferes with daily functioning)

Danger (risk to individual or others)

Get a general idea of how the DSM-5 describes/classifies/groups psychological disorders.

Symptom based diagnosis

Categorical

Dimensional (overlapping symptoms)

Cultural and contextual considerationsCompare and contrast internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Internalizing: distress directed inward (towards self)

Externalizing: distress directed outward (toward environment)

Compare and contrast bipolar I and bipolar II disorder.

Bipolar 1: severe manic episodes

Bipolar 2: less severe hypomanic episodes, depressive episodes

Psychodynamic: unconscious conflicts influence behavior and mental health

Cognitive behavioral (cbt): negative thought patterns and behaviors contribute to

psychological disorders and aims to change them

Sociocultural: social, cultural, and environmental factors shape mental health and

influence behavior

Behavioral: learned behaviors that can be unlearned through conditioning and

reinforcement techniques

What are personality disorders? What do psychologists know about them? Understand and

distinguish what the different personality disorders may look like.

Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and emotion differ significantly from societal

expectations

Odd or eccentric disorders: schizophrenia

Dramatic, emotions, erratic disorders: antisocial, borderline, narcissistic

Anxious or fearful disorders: OCD

If someone is having a panic attack, what symptoms might they experience?

Rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness,

fear, sense of dread, detachment from reality

Psychotherapy: generic name given to formal psychological treatment

Biological therapies: reflect medical approaches to diseases (what is wrong with body) and to

illness (what person feels as a result)

Behavior therapy: modifying maladaptive behaviors and activating adaptive behaviors directly

Exposure therapy: repeated exposure to anxiety-producing stimulus or situation

Systematic desensitization: behavioral therapy technique reduces anxiety and fear responses by

gradually exposing individual to stimuli simultaneously practicing relaxation techniques

Psychotropic medications: drugs that affect mental processes

Antipsychotic medications: class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of

schizophrenia and other disorder that involve psychosis, also known as neurolepticsLithium: most effective in stabilizing mood among patients with bipolar disorder

Considerable side effects (thirst, hand tremors, excessive urination, memory problems)

Placebo effect: persons health improves after taking treatment with no active ingredients

Antidepressants: used to treat depression as well as anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD,

chronic pain

Modulating neurotransmitters in brain (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

(SSRIs)) increase serotonin level by preventing reabsorption

Anti-anxiety drugs: used to treat anxiety disorders for short term relief

Benzodiazepines (enhancing effects of neurotransmitter GABA)

What are the advantages and risks associated with the usage of psychotropic drugs?

Highly effective in reducing symptoms of mental health disorders, such as depression,

anxiety, and psychosis, improving persons overall quality of life

Side effects: memory, attention, concentration, drowsiness, weight gain, fatigue, nausea

Dependence and tolerance

Long term health risks

Inconsistent responses

True or false: the treatment most effective for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are

psychotropic medications.

True, psychotropic medications

What is the main result from barlows study on the treatment of panic disorder?

Development and validation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

How does treatment for ADHD vary in the short vs long term?

Short term: medication (methylphenidate and amphetamines)

Long term: behavioral therapy, psychotherapy

What a) drug (if applicable) and b) therapy treatments are best for

obsessive-compulsive disorder: (SSRIs) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors +

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Schizophrenia: antipsychotics + cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy,

social skills training

Bipolar disorder: mood stabilizers (lithium), antipsychotics (mania), antidepressants

(depression), anticonvulsants (mood stabilizers) + cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Autism spectrum disorder: antipsychotics (irritability/aggression), stimulants (attention

problems, hyperactivity) + applied behavior analysis, speech therapy, occupational

therapy, social skills training

Borderline personality: antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers + dialectical

behavior therapy, schema focused therapy

ADHD: stimulants + cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), behavioral therapy, social skills

trainingWhat are the different degrees and training for providers of psychological treatment? What can

different careers do differently? Who can prescribe medicine? diagnose?

Clinical psychologists: diagnose, provide therapy, testing/assessment, cannot prescribe

medication

Psychiatrists: diagnose, therapy, prescribe medication

Counseling psychologists: diagnose, therapy, cannot prescribe medication