A&P1 Bones Exam cards

Skeleton Overview

  • Anatomy & Physiology I (BIO200 Lab) focuses on the identification of bones and bone markings.

  • Practical exams require students to identify bones and bone markings.

Axial Skeleton (80 bones)

Skull (22 bones)

Cranial Bones (8 Bones)

  • Frontal Bone (1)

  • Parietal Bones (2)

  • Temporal Bones (2)

  • Occipital Bone (1)

  • Sphenoid Bone (1)

  • Ethmoid Bone (1)

Facial Bones (14 Bones)

  • Lacrimal Bones (2)

  • Nasal Bones (2)

  • Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)

  • Vomer (1)

  • Zygomatic Bones (2)

  • Maxillae (2)

  • Palatine Bones (2)

  • Mandible (1)

Bone Markings

Cranial Bone Markings

  • External auditory meatus, Mastoid process, Styloid process, Zygomatic process, Mandibular fossa

  • Foramen magnum, Occipital condyles, Cribriform plate, Crista Galli

Facial Bone Markings

  • Alveoli, Palatine process, Jugular foramen, Internal auditory meatus, Condylar process, Coronoid process

Miscellaneous Skull Features

  • Paranasal Sinuses: Located in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bones, and maxillae.

  • Zygomatic Arch: Formed by zygomatic process of temporal bone and temporal process of zygomatic bone.

  • Nasal Conchae: Two pairs (superior and middle) part of the ethmoid bone, and one pair (inferior) is separate.

  • Hard Palate: Composed of 2 palatine processes of maxillae and 2 palatine bones.

  • Sutures:

    • Coronal (joins frontal and parietal bones)

    • Sagittal (joins parietal bones)

    • Lambdoid (joins parietals with occipital bone)

    • Squamous (joins temporal and parietal bones)

Sacrum and Vertebral Column

Sacrum (Structure)

  • Sacral Ala, Base, Articular facets, Anterior and Posterior sacral foramina

  • Sacral Promontory, Sacral Canal, Sacral Hiatus

  • Curvatures: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

Typical Vertebra Components

  • Body, Vertebral Arch (posterior laminae + anterior pedicles)

  • Transverse Processes, Superior/Inferior Articular Processes, Spinous Process

  • Vertebral Foramen, Vertebral Notches

Vertebral Column (26 Vertebrae)

  • Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (1, 5 fused), Coccyx (1, 4 fused)

Thoracic Cage (25 bones)

Sternum (1 bone)

  • Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process, Sternal Angle

Ribs (24, 12 pairs)

  • True Ribs (1-7): Individual costal cartilages to sternum

  • False Ribs (8-12): 8-10 attach indirectly, 11-12 are floating ribs

Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones, 63 per side)

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle (4 bones)

Clavicle (2)

  • Acromial End, Sternal End, Conoid Tubercle

Scapula (2)

  • Acromion, Spine, Glenoid Cavity, Coracoid Process, Fossa

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle (2 bones)

  • Os Coxa (2): Fusion of ilium, ischium, pubis

Bony Pelvis Features

  • Iliac Crest, Sciatic Notch, Pubic Symphysis, Acetabulum

  • Distinction: Male vs. female pelvis

Upper Limb (60 bones)

Humerus (2)

  • Head, Anatomical Neck, Tubercle, Epicondyles

Ulna (2)

  • Olecranon, Coronoid Process, Styloid process

Radius (2)

  • Head, Styloid Process

Carpals (16)

  • 2 Rows: Proximal and Distal

Metacarpals (10)

  • Phalanges (28): 2 for thumb, 3 for each other digit

Lower Limb (60 bones)

Femur (2)

  • Head, Neck, Trochanters, Condyles

Patella (2)

Tibia (2)

  • Medial/Lateral Condyles, Tibial Tuberosity

Fibula (2)

  • Head, Lateral Malleolus

Tarsals (14)

  • Including Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular

Metatarsals (10)

  • Phalanges (28): 2 for great toe, 3 for others