AP World Review
Unit 1: The Global Tapestry
Big picture: emphasizes state building, specifically how did states demonstrate continuity, diversity with the states that came before them?
Big Idea 1: Song China maintained and justified its rule through Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy. Buddhism continued to shape China’s society. The Song economy flourished during this period.
first source of strength was confucianism: a hierarchical understanding of reality brought in from Tang dynasty, used civil service exam for a meritocracy, which was based on merit instead of birth and class
imperial bureaucracy: whole group of appointed officials whose job it was to carry out the policies of the emperor through workers throughout the empire- bureacracy existed already but expanded through song dynasty
buddhism: innovated upon once it travels to china, creats chan buddhism which syncritized it to daoism, cultural diffusion which is the KEY
economy: very good and flourished because of several innovations including: champa rice, construction of the grand canal,
Big Idea 2: As the Abbasid Caliphate was falling apart, new Islamic political entities emerged, and they engaged in significant expansion, while creating the occasion for intellectual innovations and transfers
as abbasid crumbles, other islamic states begin to rise in its place such as the delhi sultanate in northern india, the the mamluk sultanate in egypt, but they were both different from the abbasid because they were turkic, not arab and persian like the abbasid and formed a cultural reigon known as dar-al-islam, the house of islam
islam spreads through a multitude of reasons
military expansion: delhi sultanate
merchant activity: revival of trade on silk roads, led to cultural diffusion, muslim merchants carried islam and led to conversion, like in west and east africa urban centers, created literate officials
intellectual innovations and transfers: mathematics, forms of literature
transfers: translated greek writings into arabic (fueled rennisance), translated indian mathematics to europeans, adopted and adapted papermaking from china, facilitated that transfer to europe
Big Idea 3: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam deeply influenced state building in South and Southeast Asia
in delhi sultanate non converts had to pay a tax called the jizya to help sultanate to make revenue also encouraged conversion, never could maintain bureacracy
vijayana empire, two brothers sent to the south by delhi sultanate and converted back to hindu and started a rival empire
in southeast asia, chief characteristic was trade, introduced to buddhism and hindusim through trade, srivijana was a hindu empire and prospered by taxing ships using their sea lanes, and majapahit- a buddhist kingdom who also controlled trade in that way
there was continuity in how religions shaped societies but also diversity in that those religions affected different societies in different ways
Big Idea 4: The various civilizations of the Americas developed strong states, large urban centers, and complex belief systems
the aztecs demonstrated continuity with the maya, they built a capitol city tenochitilan, and the population was massive
one of the most significant features of statebuilding for the aztecs was the tribute system- the aztec empire was a decentralized state, which was a continuity from the maya, local goveners extracted tributes from where they conquered, aztec could exercise political dominance far from their political center without being directly involved
Big Idea 5: African state building was facilitated through participation in trade networks and religion
great zimbabwe: prospered because of trade, rich deposits of gold, most important part of their prosperity was their participation in the indian ocean trade network, which connected them to east africa, middle east, south asia, and east asia
merchants, etc. had a hand in the development of a new language here, swahili (bantu and arabic) cultural diffusion and blending
one difference was ethiopia, emerged in the12th century and a christian kingdom, consolidated power with monumental architecture and put power on display, also etheopian christianity developed apart from roman and orthodox christianity
Big Idea 6: State building in Europe was characterized by religious belief, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies
significant continuity was roman catholic church, universities and artists usually men of the church
also a strong muslim presence in iberia, and the muslims were ejected after 1492
DECENTRALIZED as a rule, no large european emprie, characterized by feudalism, organized society into hierarchical levels
manorial system: system that contained a whole village with serfs that had never left their manors
in agriculture, they came up with three fields system, two planted one fallow, changed fields and led to more food, which led to more population growth, which led to more power
Unit 2: Networks of Exchange
Big picture: same time period as unit 1, just showing how all the states were connected to each other, emphasizing connection rather than state building
Big Idea 1: Networks of exchange expanded in geographical scope and led to increasing interactions between states
silk roads: mainly luxury goods exchanged across these routes (silk coming out of china)
as routes grow in popularity, cities along the routes also grow in prosperity because of their importance to the facilitation of these trade routes and grew in size and wealth
transportation: caravanserai (inns and guest houses along the silk roads), new animal technology, saddles, stirrups
money economies and paper money: much lighter than silver and gold, merchants had to carry less weight and were able to travel faster and farther, facilitated increased trade
new forms of credit: based on chinese model
all these made it easier and better for merchants to sell and consumers to buy things, and led to increase in wealth and power in certain states and cities
indian ocean network: world’s most significant sea-based trade network (at the time)
causes of growth: desire for goods not found at home like: porcelain from china, cotton and pepper from india, spices from southeast asia, enslaved people, ivory, gold from africa, etc.
technological innovations: lateen sails, magnetic compass, astrolobe, junks, dows, new technology helped facilitate trade on indian ocean
spread of islam was a significant result of this trade across the indian ocean, and as islam spread to afro-eurasia, created connections and friendly relations, greater facilitation of trade for all involved
growth of powerful trading cities and states along the side, like swahili city states- they acted as brokers for goods originating from the african interior like gold and ivory and enslaved people in order to find buyers from indian ocean trade routes, became very powerful and wealthy
trans-saharan trade: connected north africa and medditeranian with west africa
grew with innovations and technology
introduction of arabian camel and camel saddle, effect was further increase of inter regional trade and expanded geographical trade of routes
Big Idea 2: A major effect of the growth of trading routes was cultural diffusion
interconnected states are not just trading goods, but are also trading ideas, belief systems, etc.
buddhism entered china through silk roads and changed when it got there, syncrytism, and later exported to japan via trade routes and changed to zen buddhism
islam spread thoroughhout subsaharan africa and asia through conquest
when trade networks expand, cultural diffusion expands right along with it
lots of expansion that comes with expansion of trade networks
downfalls include: rise and fall of cities dependent on strategic locations, baghdad fell because of mongols
Big Idea 3: The increasing interconnection facilitated by trading routes led to significant environmental consequences
spread of various crops and diseases along trade routes
crops: bananas from southeast asia introduced to africa, champa rice in east asia,
diseases: black death
Big Idea 4: The mongols created the largest land based empire in history, which facilitated further interconnection and interaction across Afro-Eurasia
need to understand how mongols created conditions for increased interaction among distant states and cultural and technological transfers
silk road trading networks worked the best when large empires controlled the routes because they could provide safety, continuity
as the entire eurasian world came under mongol domination, mongols facilitated and encouraged international trade and extracted wealth as the facilitators of trade along the silk road
mongol empire also lead to unprecedented increase in communication and cooperation all across eurasia, persian and chinese courts could work together across long distances because of the mongols
mongols also responsible for technological and cultural transfers because they sent people places, like ilkanate made significant advances in astronomy, improved astrolabe
big idea with mongols is how did they facilitate cultural, political, and technological transfers across such a great distance'
Unit 3: Land-Based Empires
Big Idea 1: Various land-based empires developed and expanded throughout 1450-1750, most significantly through the use of gunpowder
ottoman empire: founded in the 14th century, grows significantly overtime because of gunpowder weapons, ottomans conquered constantinople and named it istanbul for gunpowder, fierce military of jannisaries which were trained in gunpowder weapons, enslaved christians converted to islam
safavid empire: est. 1501, under shah ismail made into shia dynasty which were put at odds with other two gunpowder empires because they were sunni, shah abaas built military with gunpowder weapons and created enslaved christian army as well
mughal empire: 1526, babur established by displacing delhi sultanate with gunpowder empires, under ackbar, they covered lots of things, his administration was tolerant of all religions and masterfully administering his empire
qing dynasty/manchu empire: as mongol rule falls, ming dynasty created and then is weakened, qing rulers were manchu and not ethnically han,
safavid/mughal conflict: series of war between these two muslim empires shia vs. sunni, neither empires had a clear victory, but it is an example of when these land-based empires expand
Big Idea 2: Rulers of land-based empires gained power and maintained control by establishing bureaucracies, sponsoring the creation of art, centralizing tax collection, and developing large militaries
legitimizing power: methods that a ruler uses to communicate who is in charge (how to know if they are in charge)
consolidating power: methods to transfer power from other groups to a single group or ruler (i’m taking your power)
did these thing through formation of large bureaucracies, ottomans used devshirme system to staff imperial bureaucracies and jannisaires, and togukawa shogunate and the samurai
through religious ideas: art, monumental architecture, european kings claimed to rule by divine right, aztec practice of human sacrifice, sun temple of kusco,
kan chi placed imperial portraits of him around the empire to communicate that he is a legitimate ruler of the qing even though he is not ethnically han
zamindar tax collection system in the mughal empire, muslim but ruled over hindus, zamindars elite land owners had authority and could tax peasants on behalf of imperial government
ottoman tax farming consolidated power for ottomans
Big Idea 3: Belief systems could play different roles in and among land-based empires, in some cases, shared beliefs bound people together, in other cases, conflicting beliefs caused conflict
protestant reformation in 1517 when martin luther denounces catholic church, results in major split in christian church, protestants and catholics, result is that rulers remain catholic or impose protestantism led to religious wars
sunni-shia split intensified lead to problems consolidating power
sometimes the interaction caused syncretism, like sikhism: in south asia, a continuity by being a syncretic blend of hindu and islamic doctrines, in terms of change it is entirely different from either in the end
Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections
Big Idea 1: New and updated maritime technology facilitated transoceanic trade and the development of sea-based empires
europeans borrowed from classical islamic and asian societies to claim their moment on world stage, like the astrolabe which came from greeks and muslims, compass also came from china, lateen sail
europe BORROWS technology and innovates upon them, they innovated ship design like the caravel (portuguese) fast and nimble compared to junk, in order to carry lots of cargo as well, dutch created flyut, metric buttload of cargo space, enabled East India company to dominate trade in indian ocean
Big Idea 2: European state sponsored exploration led to a rapid expansion of trade and trans-Atlantic contact with the Americas
3 reasons why there was state sponsored exploration across the sea:
wealth building
european states wanted to trade on their own terms since muslims controlled trade routes like silk road- and so europeans wanted access to indian ocean trade on their own terms
spread religion
specifically christianity, which was tied to their political structure, and they wanted to spread their universalizing religion because spreading it was so tied to the state it would also spread their state
competition with other states
mercantilism, dominant economic system, ultra-competitive
portuguese were first movers, didn’t build traditional empire, and sailed around africa with a trading post empire (not as expensive as a colony), but possesed a monopoly over a spice trade in indian ocean
spaish tried to find asia, but sailed west and were more interested in conquering land, leading to the sailing of christopher columbus
the effect of columbus’ voyage was that it dramatically increased interest in transatlantic sailing, so all the others also started sailing
Big Idea 3: The columbian exchange was the transfer of animals, plants, people, foods, and diseases from Europe to the Americas, and vice versa, as a result of new contact, europeans sought to colonize the americas
crops from americas into europe: potatoes and maize
europe into americas: wheat and rice
effect: as afro eurasians expanded their diets, their population got healthier and an increased lifespan, leading to a population increase, leading to more dominance and wealth and technological development
turkeys and llamas going from americas to europe
cattle, pigs, horses going from europe to american
disease transfer- from europe into the americas, came smallpox, devastating the population of the americas “the great dying”
Big Idea 4: With transoceanic contact established, european states established empires fueled by mercantilist economic policy and coerced labor systems
mercantilism: finite amount of wealth, maintain favorable balance of trade, more exports than imports, creates enormous competition
as the portuguese established trading post empire around africa, some africans grew as result of the contact like asanti empire while others saw them as intruders
new maritime empires: british, went out seeking maritime trade routes and established trading posts in india under the authority of the british easy india company, were able to take advantage of growing tension between muslim and hindus, and british east india company controlled most of subcontinent
spain ecnountered aztec and inca empires, which quickly fell because of disease
spain signs treaty with portugal (treaty of tordesillas), which divided up americas between the two powers, and portugal got western part of brazil and spanish got eastern part, continuing source of tension, example of colonial tension resolved without conflict
spanish empire begin conquest by plundering americas for gold and silver, realizing the actual wealth is in agriculture in the americas, leading to the introduction of new coerced labor systems to exploit that resource
encomienda system: coerced labor system in which spanish compelled indigenous people to work their plantations
hacienda system: replaced encomienda, paid workers very low wages and they had lots of debt, a way to tie them to the land
silver and agriculture
everything leads back to mercantilism, so colonies had to be established for enrichment of the homeland
europeans turned to africa to get more laborers because indigenous peoples were dying off because of disease, so the more money they made on agriculture, the more slaves they needed from africa
africans shaped and enriched language and culture in the places they were taken, introduced foods like okrah
Big Idea 5: The development of maritime empires over time significantly changed the economies and societies in which they were established
key is the rise of joint-stock companies
ex. british east india company, dutch east india company
a big deal because they allowed continued colonization/exploration with limited risk to investors
lead to economic disputes, like morrocan conflicts with songhai empire- morrocans defeated invading portuguese but doing that, they became broke, so invaded songhai empire and were successful
triangular trade- manufactured goods traded from europe to west africa, enslaved people traded from west africa to the americas, and raw materials transported back to europe
societies influencing each other through things like religion
syncretism- one example is the blending their indigenous beliefs with christianity of european colonizers
conflict- sunni shia divide between muslims
Big Idea 6: As states imposed their cultural, political, and economic will on various colonized and enslaved people, resistance occured
morotha rebelled against what they percieved as an invasion of their belief, and brought mughal empire to an end and replaced it
pueblo revolt: american indians tired of spanish forcing conversion so they killed hundreds of spainyards and burned their churches
stono rebellion
Big Idea 7: Social categories, roles, and practices were both maintained and underwent significant change during this period
in qing dynasty, retained distinctively chinese institutions but had restrictive policies against the native han chinese
change: spanish casta system in the new world, entirely new social hierarchy that the spanish imposed on society based on race, spainyards being at top and african americans and indigenous people at the bottom
Unit 5: Revolutions
Big Idea 1: New ways of thinking embodied in the enlightenment created the occasion for reform and revolution
enlightenment: european movement that shifted knowledge from belief to empirical data and information
nautral rights (john locke)
social contract (cresau)
enlightenment put center of authority within the person themselves, lead to several reform movements
women’s suffrage- senneca falls convention
abolitionism, banning of slave trade in many states, russia abolishes serfdom in 1861
Big Idea 2: The ideas of the enlightenment, combined with rising nationalism, led to various revolutions throughout the world
THESE ARE IN ORDER
american revolution: declaration of independence laced with nationalism and enlightenment ideals, resulted in formation of USA, and in articulating these ideas, other states saw these ideas and ideals of american revolution inspired both the french and the haitian revolution, along with other latin american independent movements
france: the declaration of the rights of man
haiti: simon bolivar’s letter from jamacia
all of these led to resistence movements, revolutions, and enlightenment thoughts
Big Idea 3: The industrial revolution began in Britain and would eventually transform the world
things are no longer made by hand, but by machine, no longer one at a time, but by mass production
began in great britain BECAUSE they had proximity to waterways, is an island and has lots of rivers and canals, great for trade, and they also had signifcant concentration of raw materials like gold and iron, also because of urbanization and more people moved into cities (enclosure movement), and improved agricultural productivity
initially factory is powered by water, so they had to be near waterways, but eventually shifted with invention of steam engine, and that means they could mass produce goods in large quantities anywhere, BIG money maker is textiles, esp. in britain
big shift from specialized artisan/skilled labor to unskilled labor
Big Idea 4: As western industrialization spread, middle eastern and asian countries’ share in global manufacturing declines
the rapid development of steampower helped other european country powers dominate world, goes to russia and japan, in US, massive immigration to urban centers, in russia, trans-siberian railroad, in japan, embraced industrialization defensively through meiji restoration in order to protect their domestic cultural institutions so they didn’t fall prey to these growing western powers like china
as west claims larger and larger portion of global manufacturing, so more traditional centers of manufacturing decline like textile production shifts to britain from india
Big Idea 5: The advent of new technologies fundamentally changed the landscape of manufacturing
first industrial revolution 1750-1830ish majored in textiles for the most part
second industrial revolution 1830-1920 majored in building materials like steel
big difference between them was how they were powered, first was powered by steam engine (ran on coal), while second powered by oil (internal combustion engine, etc), created fossil fuel revolution
railroads transport goods to distant regions for sale on the market, completion of transcontinental railroads like the ones in the US, linking eastern manufacturing to western markets, etc. which had the effect of uniting economies and creating a national economy and market
Big Idea 6: Significant economic shifts occurred during this period including the rise of free market capitalism, transnational businesses, and increased standards of living
western european nations begin to abandon mercantilism, replaces it with free market capitalism, based off adam smith and laissez-faire, removing government from economy
rise of transnational coorperations, operate across national boundaires
increased standards of living, prices become lower
creation of the middle class
Big Idea 7: As industrialization spread, it created the occasion for some states to enact reforms
workers created labor unions because factory work was long hours, dangerous conditions, and low wages, and bargained conditions to improve, won minimum wage laws, etc.
rise of marxism, karl marx believed that capitalism and the class structure that it created was ruining the world basically, his solution was laid out in the communist manifesto, with the proleteriat (working class), and the bourgeouisie (ones who own means of production)
communism is a society defined by equality without classes after proleteriat standing up to bourgeouisie
tanzimat reforms: ottoman empire reforms made to industrialize the empire, a little late, basically response to encroaching power and influence of western world, not nearly as successful as meiji restoration
Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization
Big Idea 1: Various ideologies contributed to the growing development of imperialism in the period 1750-1900
new wave of empire building by europeans, what were the main ideas driving the new wave of imperialism?
cultural ideologies: belief in superiority of white race and european western culture, the white man’s burden, social darwanism, and the desire to spread christianity
nationalist motives for imperialism
growing desire for states to declare themselves as great on world stage via building bigger empires, britain taking over india, france gathering african colonies, japan had meiji restoration and modernized military and colonized korea after beating china in the sino-japanese war,
in second industrial revolution, meaning industrialized nations wanted more colonies for new markets and access to more raw materials, which leads them to go out searching (esp in southeast asia and africa) to find those
Big Idea 2: Imperial states employed different means of consolidating power in their empires and expanding their empires
one of the means was process of non state to state control of colonies- the congo began as a private colony owned by leopold ii, and he was pressured to transfer it to the state
india is another example, controlled by british east india company, harsh policies and corruptness lead to sepoy rebellion 1857, and british government took direct control of indian colony
another development was that new imperial powers are replacing old imperial powers
portuguese and spanish still have empires, but lose power in asia and southeast asia, replaced by new powers like the US as a result of the spanish american war, and expanded into philippines, which was previously spanish colony
in addition to korea, japan expanded into parts of china and asia and islands as well
russian tsars expanded into china, middle east, etc.
defining feature is scramble for africa, which was highly desirable because of how many raw materials it had, imperial nations start fighting but decide to be civil and bismark called berlin conference and carved up africa
Big Idea 3: The new wave of imperialism during this period led to new waves of resistance from colonized peoples
direct resistence ex.
peru- indigenous leader (tupac amaroon) tired of spanish atrocities, led a rebellion against spanish authorities which was crushed
india- sepoy rebellion
creation of new states
creation of new balkan states- balkans under control of ottomans, wave of nationalism inspired independence movements in the balkans
religiously inspired rebellions
ghost dance movement in US, americans expanding westward into indigenous lands, indigenous americans began believing in prophecy that if they performed the ghost dance, they would awaken their dead to expell the white settlers from their land
cosa cattle killing movement in south africa
Big Idea 4: The growing need for imperial powers to extract raw materials and increase the food supply transformed the global economy
people transitioned from subsistence farming to cash crop farming, now grow crops and selling them for export on market
ex. coffee, rubber, sugar, others, HUGE ECONOMIC SHIFT
in uruguay, cattle ranching became huge business to settle need for beef
peru and chile specialized in guano or bird poop, an incredible fertilizer, created occasion for massive production increase of crops in colonies, further pigeon holed colonial states into export economies
colonial economies were transformed to increasingly serve the needs of others in urban centers across the world rather than the people themselves
Big Idea 5: Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in asia and latin america
economic imperialism: one country has significant power over another economically and forcing weaker party or colonies to serve the greater power’s economic interests
opium wars in china, trade deficit in china and britain so britain smuggles metric buttloads of opium into china, solves trade deficit, chinese leaders banned opium and destroyed british opium shipments, began opium wars, british crushed them with their superior industrialized capacity- resulted in british forcing china to sign what is called an unequal treaty to open several trading ports to them, and forced a free trade agreement in this case the treaty of nanjing, which also ceded hong kong to britain
result of that was china being carved up into what were called spheres of influence, by germany, britain, france, russia, us, and basically each country now had exclusive trading rights in those spheres with china
us invested in mexico and cuba for their infrastructure, british dominated cotton growth in india and egypt
Big Idea 6: Various environmental and economic factors contributed to patterns of migration between 1750-1900
as a result of industrialization and globalization, massive migrations began to occur, why did these people move?
for work, creating new labor systems
slavery at this point begins to be replaced by things like indentured servitude which grows in prominence and they agree to work for a number of years for passage to wherever they want to go
lead to creation of ethnic enclaves and cultural diffusion
asian contract laborers- when british abolished slavery, their solution was to bring in chinese and indian workers to work for low wages
establishment of penal colonies like jail, australia started like this, british sent their convicts there for hard labor
bad conditions at home, mass migration out of india looking for work
chinese exclusion act and australian white law
Unit 7: Global Conflict
Big Idea 1: Internal and external factors contributed to significant change in various states across the world after 1900
russia is lacking behind economic growth which lead to losses of many ways, as a result, bolsheviks seized power and established a communist government, turning it into the soviet union
ethnic tension in china over qing dynasty with hans and manchus, and famine, also encroaching western industrialization and imperial powers, so it was overthrown by sun yat sen
massive wealth gap in mexico, especially with regards to land- also long term cooperation with us investors via stat, often to detriment of landless poor- revolution sought to correct problems
Big Idea 2: World war I was caused by a combination of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism
militarism
massive build up of weaponry thanks to industrialization and militaries themselves
alliance system
defensive grouping of nations stacked against one another, promising that they would come to others’ aid
imperialism
fierce competition to lay claim to uncolonized land, fueling conflict and tensions between powers
nationalism
intense feelings of pride in one’s national identity, SUPER powerful
straw that broke the camel’s back was assasination of archduke franz ferdinand
Big Idea 3: Governments used a variety of strategies to fight WWI including propaganda to mobilize their homefronts and new weapons technology in the battlefield
first total war, each country fighting had to utilize ALL aspects to fight, home and abroad
new technology that was used in war making it extremely deadly
poison gas, machine guns, submarines, tanks, combined with trench warfare, which was not new, but ensured long and lasting stalemates, resulting in enormous amounts of casualties
war ends with the treaty of versailles in 1918
Big Idea 4: Following WWI, governments began to take a more prominent role in their nations’ economies
in us, in 1929, great depression begins in us, hoover was very laissez faire so he waited it out, but that didn’t work, so FDR came in with the new deal with massive government spending to rescue the us from the great depression, HEAVILY involved government of us
german economy was ruined after the war, plunged into hyperinflation, mostly because of unfavorable terms in the treaty of versailles, leading to rise of fascism and the nazi party, and ceased reparations and go crazy on military spending to build up their forces, which also violated the treaty
soviet union created series of 5 year plans to transform into an industrial power very rapidly, sort of a disaster, used collectivization of agriculture which served needs of urban industrial centers, which was where emphasis and focus was on plans, but sending food forcibly into urban centers, means famine happened
Big Idea 5: World War II was caused by the unsustainable peace agreement of WWI, economic crisis, and the rise of fascist regimes, most notably, nazi germany
treaty of versialles parts that lead to wwII
war guilt clause: britain and france pinned all the blame on germany, caused german nationalism
mandate for reparations: germany was made to pay for all of the rebuilding
benito mussilini was og fascist
nazi party was extreme nationalism, wanted to restore german greatness, begins taking land around germany
appeasement: britain and france did not want to oppose hitler when he started defying the treaty, because they didn’t want another war, but he finally did the last straw when germany invaded poland in 1939, beginning wwII
Big Idea 6: WWII was another total war, and totalitarian and democratic nations deployed all their nations’ resources to fight and win
totalitarian states (like the germans) didn’t use citizens, instead relied on forced labor like in concentration camps, which were actually counterproductive because they were so harsh that productivity suffered greatly
democratic states mobilized (like the us) by producing many munitions and brought women in to work the factories, feminization of labor
there was also repression of civil liberties, us gathered japanese americans for internment camps, etc.
firebombing of tokyo, firebombing of dresden hundreds of thousands of civillians died
us made new technology through atomic bombs, forced japan to surrender
Big Idea 7: The rise of extremist groups led to the attempted destruction of certain populations through genocide or ethnic violence
holocaust was based on idea called the final solution
forced labor camps and death camps for mass extermination
ukranian farm land was productive for soviet union, and they relied heavily on ukranian exports, but farmers resented stalin’s collectivization of agriculture, their food was confiscated, so they resisted it by burning their crops and killing their livestock, creating a massive famine and millions died as stalin did not care
Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization
Big Idea 1: The cold war was a decades-long ideological struggle between the US and the soviet union that shaped, to a significant degree, the geopolitics in the second half of the 20th century
why did cold war begin?
conflicting ideologies, us= democratic capitalist, cold war= authoratarian communist
mistrust, disagreements over germany and berlin, soviets put up berlin war to separate from western side and keep germany weak, while western powers wanted germany strong because wwII happened due to germany bad economy
decolonization brings dozens of new states across the world, and both sides race to influence them
some states resisted, and start non aligned movement in 1955 by indonesian president hosted meeting with heads of african states that were formerly colonies
Big Idea 2: The major effects of the Cold War included an arms race, new military alliances, and proxy wars across the globe
new developments of nuclear weapons furthered tensions
formation of NATO, created as a mutual defense pact
formation of warsaw pact, communist NATO
MAD= mutually assured destruction
proxy wars were created because of the race to make capitalist and communist places
asia: vietnam and korean war, both new countries that were formerly countries split between communist and anti forces, each sides are backed by the cold war sides, both wars ended in stalemates
latin america: proxy war in nicaragua dictator and got support from communist cuba and soviets, so us invested in contras, ended in ceasefire
africa: angolan civil war, us and allies supported anti communist, soviet union and anti communist groups, and communist forces won and assumed power
Big Idea 3: During this period, some states adopted communism, but none more significant than China
lots of grievences in china over dependence of western powers from imperialism era
revolution in 1911 that established china as a republic, and a civil war, and mao ze dong’s communist forces with soviet help defeated others and china became communist, but different
mao implemented communism in china by collectivization of agriculture, but less violent and more effective than stalin, also desire for state to control econmy in the great leap forward, super rapid industrialization in rural areas, led to starvation of tens of millions of chinese people
other socialist movements: africa, egypt, suez canal and became strategic route to sea based trade in indian ocean and nationalized suez canal, which britain and france didn’t like so they invade egypt, but soviet union backs them up,
Big Idea 4: The process of decolonization essentially occured in one of two ways: negotiated independence or armed conflict
negotiated independence: india
formed indian national congress to petition british for a greater degree of self rule, so muhandas ghandi led a nonviolent civil disobedience movement, which was impactful, but after wwII, were recognized as independent in 1947
india also split into pakistan
armed resistence: algeria in africa, a french colony had been a hot spot for french settlers coming in as migrants, algerians feel wave of nationalism and rebel violently against french, french respond with brutality until charles de gal declared algeria’s independence
Big Idea 5: The redrawing of political boundaries during decolonization led to conflict and population displacement
was an absolute mess, ex.
before wwI, palestine was in ottoman empire, muslim mostly population and was transferred to britain, and zionism was growing and jewish people migrated to palestine, and arabs resisted it and un declares that israel is made
Big Idea 6: In newly independent states, governments often took a strong role in guiding economic life in order to promote their own growth and development
gamal abdar nasir, leader of egypt nationalized suez canal, and others invaded, he gained soviet support to end conflict, so nasir asserts strong state power economically
Big Idea 7: Movements to resist oppressive power structures multiplied in this period, some were characterized by non-violence, others by violence
mohandas ghandi, homespun movement to keep profits from indian industry, salt march to march and harvested their own salt because of imperial salt tax
martin luther king jr., civil disobedience with montgomery bus boycott, activists refused to ride their transportation, ground economy to a halt, government responded and it worked
nelson mandela, under apartheid, black africans denied basic rights, led black south africans in nonviolent resistence, but changed into violent tactics, and won president after being released from jail
Big Idea 8: The cold war ended because US military development, the soviet union’s failed invasion of afghanistan, and the reform policies of mikhail gorbachev
soviets couldn’t keep up with us federal spending because they had problems like failing to invade afghanistan
in 1979, they invaded afghanistan and failed because afghan rebels were supported and supplied by us and further depresses soviet economy
the last reason of the fall was the policies of gorbachev’s new reform ideas, wanted to reform oppressive side, intoruced perestroika for soviet economy, also introduced glasnost, openness, freedom of speech was bolstered and improved, criticism of government was more tolerant, and third was that soviet union would no longer use military to keep spreading communism so the satelite states started seeking independence immediatly,
dissolved soviet union and marked the end of the cold war
Unit 9: Globalization
Big Idea 1: New technologies increased the speed of globalization and had widespread effects on the global population in the 20th & 21st centuries
as more connections happen, the world essentially shrinks
communication technologies: radio, cell phones, internet
effect: people increasingly come into contact with ideas outside their culture, leading to the globalization of culture
transportation technologies: air travel, shipping containers!!- increase freight of goods that can be shipped internationally- increase in commerce
energy technologies: petroleum and nuclear power
medical innovations: birth control- gives women increasing control and declining birth rate, and vaccines
advances in agriculture: green revolution - through process of controlled breeding, scientists create new strands of wheat, grain, more abundant harvests than possible before, developed in developing nation
Big Idea 2: New and old diseases continue to pose a threat in the age of globalization
now there are diseases that mainly affect impoverished people like cholera, malaria, etc.
the only people who have access were those in the wealthier countries
new diseases that lead to pandemics like ebola, aids, spanish flu of 1918 and had devastating effects NOT FROM SPAIN
serious demographic consequences, economic slow down, sensation of social functions, occasion for technological and medical advances, covid
diseases associated with old age like heart disease, alzheimer’s
Big Idea 3: Globalization has created some significant environmental problems with various attempted solutions
deforestation: land cleared for farmland
desertification: fertile land becomes like a desert due to deforestation and chemicals
decline in air quality by industrialization, pollution, the great smog in london
increasing consumption of fresh water, way more water needed for farming, and many impoverished nations don’t have access to clean water
climate change: as a result of globalization and industrialization, carbon emissions have increased the global temperature
attempts to stop climate change: kyoto protocal, paris agreement
Big Idea 4: Both the nature and scope of the globalized economy have changed significantly since 1900
proliferation of free market economics: us under ronald reagan, great britain under margaret thatcher
rise of knowledge economies: wealthier countries major in knowledge work, the workers facilitate things and think more, while less wealthier countries become more of the working force
rise of multinational corperations: business that is encorporated in one country with knowledge workers, but is manufactured outside with cheap labor, ex. nestle, mahindra mahindra
rise of regional and global free trade agreements: agreements between regions to reduce barriers to trade, things like tariffs, ex. NAFTA, all can prosper together
Big Idea 5: Since 1900, increasing globalization has led to calls for reform in terms of human rights and economic inequality
global movements to address wrongs: apartheid overtook by nelson mandela, us civil rights movement jim crow regulations, class reform, caste reservation system, globally responding to gender inequality
Big Idea 6: After 1900, culture became increasingly globalized
music: reggae and bob marley originated in jamacia, kpop from south korea,
movies: hollywood becomes huge around the world, shows influence of american values, bollywood, hindi cinema industry
spread of consumer culture, online commerce through amazon, ali baba, shipping containers, etc.
globalized brands: coca cola, mcdonalds, KFC
Big Idea 7: Despite all the benefits of globalization, there have also been significant resistance movements against its effects
global north is developed nations essentially, but less developed nations have experienced globalization as a threat, and there are resistence movements
1999 battle for seattle protest globalization
coorperations favoring richer nations
Big Idea 8: Globalization has changed the way nations and states interact across the world
formation of the united nations, formed after wwII, purpose is to maintain world peace and foster international cooperation and economic cooperation
addressing world hunger, refugees
un and other organizations reflect the needs of the globalized world
YAY