Untitled Flashcards Set

Bicuspid Valve

Ensures one-way flow between left atrium and ventricle.

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Controls blood flow from left ventricle to aorta.

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Tricuspid Valve

Prevents backflow between right atrium and ventricle.

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Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Directs blood from right ventricle to pulmonary artery.

Systemic Circulation

Delivers oxygenated blood to the body.

Pulmonary Circulation

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Erythrocytes

Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin.

Leukocytes

Defend against infections and foreign invaders.

Platelets

Crucial for blood clotting and wound healing.

Blood Plasma

Liquid component of blood, about 55% volume.

Cardiac Output

Volume of blood pumped by left ventricle per minute.

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat.

Heart Rate

Number of beats per minute.

QRS Wave

Represents ventricular depolarization on ECG.

P Wave

Indicates atrial depolarization on ECG.

T Wave

Represents ventricular repolarization on ECG.

Tidal Volume (TV)

Air exchanged during normal breathing, ~0.5 liters.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Total volume of exchangeable air.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Additional air inhaled after normal inhalation.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Additional air forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation.

Residual Volume (RV)

Air remaining in lungs after forced expiration.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Maximum air lungs can hold.

Pulmonary Ventilation

Total air inhaled and exhaled per minute.

Inhalation

Diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic volume.

Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic volume.

Airflow Pathway

Nasal Cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Alveoli.

Diffusion

Gas exchange mechanism in lungs.

Acid-Base Balance

CO2 levels affect blood pH and respiration.

Pulmonary Circulation

Transports deoxygenated blood to lungs.

Systemic Circulation

Delivers oxygenated blood to body.

VO2 Max

Maximum oxygen utilized during intense exercise.

Cardiac Output Calculation

CO = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.

ECG Interpretation

Analyzing heart rhythm and electrical activity.

Hemostasis

Process of blood clotting.

Oxygen Transport

Oxygen primarily bound to hemoglobin.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

CO2 transported back to lungs for exhalation.

Lung Volume Calculation

VC = IRV + TV + ERV.

Forced Exhalation

Active contraction of abdominal muscles to expel air.

Elastic Recoil

Lungs return to original shape after exhalation.

Nasal Cavity Functions

Filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air.

Epiglottis Function

Prevents food from entering trachea.

Cardiac Health Assessment

Understanding heart rate and stroke volume.

Blood Cell Balance

Vital for overall health and homeostasis.

Plasma Proteins

Include antibodies and clotting factors.

Athlete's Cardiac Output

Increases significantly during intense physical activity.

Lung Adaptability

Enhanced lung volumes due to training. Tidal volume

Amount of air exchanged during normal breathing.

Vital capacity

Total volume of exchangeable air in lungs.

Inspiratory capacity

Maximum air inhaled after normal inspiration.

Expiratory reserve volume

Additional air forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation.

Residual volume

Air remaining in lungs after forced expiration.

VO2 max

Maximum oxygen used during exercise.

Diffusion

Process of gas exchange across membranes.

Pulmonary circulation

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs.

Systemic circulation

Delivers oxygenated blood to body.

Diaphragm

Muscle that aids in breathing.

External intercostal muscles

Muscles that assist with inhalation.

Bronchi

Main passageways into lungs from trachea.

Bronchioles

Smaller branches of bronchi leading to alveoli.

Alveoli

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Trachea

Windpipe connecting larynx to bronchi.

Epiglottis

Flap preventing food from entering trachea.

Larynx

Voice box located above trachea.

Pharynx

Throat area behind the mouth and nasal cavity.

Inhalation

Process of drawing air into lungs.

Exhalation

Process of expelling air from lungs.

Air pressure

Determines airflow in and out of lungs.

Ciliated mucous lining

Filters particles from inhaled air.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells transporting oxygen.

Nasal cavity

Warms and humidifies inhaled air.

Pulmonary respiration

Breathing process involving lungs.

Internal respiration

Gas exchange between blood and body cells.

External respiration

Gas exchange between lungs and blood.

Increased blood acidity

Triggers respiratory rate increase.

Airflow sequence

Path air follows during exhalation.

Total lung capacity

Sum of all lung volumes.

Maximal tidal volume

Largest amount of air inhaled.

Pulmonary ventilation

Volume of air moved per minute.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Air inhaled beyond tidal volume.

Carbon dioxide

By-product of cellular respiration.

Oxygen transport

Most oxygen binds to hemoglobin.

Airway resistance

Obstruction affecting airflow in lungs.

Lung compliance

Ease of lung expansion.

Respiratory rate

Number of breaths per minute.

Alveolar pressure

Pressure within alveoli during breathing.

Forced vital capacity

Maximum air expelled after deep inhalation.

Cough reflex

Protective mechanism clearing airways.

Lung volumes

Measurements of air in lungs.

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Matching airflow to blood flow.

Respiratory control centers

Brain regions regulating breathing.

Hypoventilation

Reduced breathing rate leading to increased CO2.

Hyperventilation

Increased breathing rate leading to decreased CO2.

Alveolar ventilation

Effective air exchange in alveoli.

Respiratory acidosis

Condition from excess CO2 in blood.

Respiratory alkalosis

Condition from low CO2 in blood.