CompTIA A+ 220-1101 1.4 Cellular Standards

The Basics of Mobile Phones

• Mobile phones, also known as cell phones, operate using cellular networks.

• Cellular Networks:

  • Divide geographical areas into sections or "cells."

  • Antennas placed at cell edges maintain connectivity while traveling.

Early Cellular Networks

• The early cellular networks are referred to as 2G networks.

• Two primary standards:

  • GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications):

    • Dominated 90% of the global market.

    • Supported by AT&T and T-Mobile in the U.S.

    • Employed a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) for user configuration portability.

    • Utilizes multiplexing enabling multiple users to communicate simultaneously.

  • CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access):

    • Used by Verizon and Sprint in the U.S.

    • Provides communication through unique codes for multiple conversations.

    • Limited popularity outside the U.S. and among other providers.

Advancements in Mobile Technology

• 3G Technologies (Introduced in 1998):

  • Enhanced data capabilities and speed, generally several megabits per second.

  • Allowed for new features: GPS, mobile TV, streaming video, and audio.

  • Strained differences between GSM and CDMA networks leading to user challenges.

Introduction of LTE

• LTE (Long Term Evolution):

  • A unified standard allowing both GSM and CDMA to send data over wireless networks.

  • Utilizes GSM and EDGE for improved throughput.

  • Achieves speeds of up to 150 Mbps with LTE Advanced capable of doubling that to 300 Mbps.

The Era of 5G Networks

• 5G (Fifth Generation Cellular Networking):

  • Expected to reach speeds of around 10 Gbps, enhancing mobile data experiences.

  • Initial speeds expected between 100-900 Mbps during rollout.

  • Significant potential for IoT devices and larger file transfers due to improved bandwidth.

Mobile Device Updates and Features

• PRL Update (Preferred Roaming List):

  • Ensures devices can locate appropriate network towers, often updated over-the-air (OTA).

• Combining Cellular and WiFi Networks:

  • Mobile phones can act as WiFi hotspots.

  • Allows other devices to connect to the internet through the mobile network.

  • Provider plans may impact hotspot functionality, potentially incurring additional charges.