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CompTIA A+ 220-1101 1.4 Cellular Standards

The Basics of Mobile Phones

  • Mobile phones, also known as cell phones, operate using cellular networks.

  • Cellular Networks:

    • Divide geographical areas into sections or "cells."

    • Antennas placed at cell edges maintain connectivity while traveling.

Early Cellular Networks

  • The early cellular networks are referred to as 2G networks.

  • Two primary standards:

    • GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications):

      • Dominated 90% of the global market.

      • Supported by AT&T and T-Mobile in the U.S.

      • Employed a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) for user configuration portability.

      • Utilizes multiplexing enabling multiple users to communicate simultaneously.

    • CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access):

      • Used by Verizon and Sprint in the U.S.

      • Provides communication through unique codes for multiple conversations.

      • Limited popularity outside the U.S. and among other providers.

Advancements in Mobile Technology

  • 3G Technologies (Introduced in 1998):

    • Enhanced data capabilities and speed, generally several megabits per second.

    • Allowed for new features: GPS, mobile TV, streaming video, and audio.

    • Strained differences between GSM and CDMA networks leading to user challenges.

Introduction of LTE

  • LTE (Long Term Evolution):

    • A unified standard allowing both GSM and CDMA to send data over wireless networks.

    • Utilizes GSM and EDGE for improved throughput.

    • Achieves speeds of up to 150 Mbps with LTE Advanced capable of doubling that to 300 Mbps.

The Era of 5G Networks

  • 5G (Fifth Generation Cellular Networking):

    • Expected to reach speeds of around 10 Gbps, enhancing mobile data experiences.

    • Initial speeds expected between 100-900 Mbps during rollout.

    • Significant potential for IoT devices and larger file transfers due to improved bandwidth.

Mobile Device Updates and Features

  • PRL Update (Preferred Roaming List):

    • Ensures devices can locate appropriate network towers, often updated over-the-air (OTA).

  • Combining Cellular and WiFi Networks:

    • Mobile phones can act as WiFi hotspots.

    • Allows other devices to connect to the internet through the mobile network.

    • Provider plans may impact hotspot functionality, potentially incurring additional charges.