AP Human Geo Unit 2 - Population
Unit #2- POPULATION AND MIGRATION
KNOW: Define the terms below and use a real-world example to help your understanding of the concept.
Chapter 3 \n Dispersed - a population that’s spread out
Population distribution - where people live within a given area
Climate - long-term patterns of weather in an area
Temperate climates - moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation
Landforms - natural features of earth’s surface
Ecumenes - inhabited/occupied land
Population density - amount of people in an area
Arithmetic density - total number of objects per unit of land
Physiological density - total number of people per unit of arable land
Arable land - land that can be used to grow crops
Agricultural density - total number of farmers per unit of arable land
Subsistence agriculture - higher agricultural density means most farming is only providing crops and livestock for the farmers
Population agglomerations - The clustering of similar or related firms in close proximity to one another
Carrying capacity - maximum population size an environment can sustain
Dependency ratio - the number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working age group multiplied by 100
Sex ratio - proportion of males to females
Demographics - data about the structures and characteristics of human populations
Fertility - how many kids a woman has
Crude birth rate (CBR) - number of births in a year per 1,000 people
Total fertility rate (TFR) - average number of kids a woman will have in her lifetime
Mortality - deaths as a component of population change
Crude death rate (CDR) - number of deaths per year per 1,000 people
Infant mortality rate (IMR) - number of deaths of kids under 1 per 1,000 births
Maternal mortality rate - the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births
J-curve - a trendline that shows an initial loss immediately followed by a dramatic gain (shaped like a j)
S-curve - traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph (shaped like an s)
Life expectancy - average number of years a person is expected to live
Population Pyramids - shows the age-sex distribution of a population
Zero population growth - the population is not increasing
Replacement fertility - the total fertility rate—the average number of children born per woman—at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration
Hidden Momentum - built in population growth due to a population's age structure
Chapter 4
Rate of natural increase (RNI) - difference between CBR and CDR divided by 1,000
Doubling time - number of years in which a growing population will double itself
Urbanization / suburbanization / counterurbanization - the process by which people live and are employed in a city
Overpopulation - an unsustainable population
Thomas Malthus - came up with the theory that Europe’s increasing population would lead to famine and an inability to support said population by the late 1800s
Neo-Malthusian - people who believe earth’s resources can only support a finite population
Cornucopians - people who believe that the environmental problems faced by society either do not exist or can be solved by technology or the free market
Demographic transition model (DTM) - the shifts in growth of the world’s populations over time
Demographic equation - births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration \n Epidemiological transition model (ETM) - changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution largely as the result of changes in causes of death
Antinatalist - policies designed to curb population growth
Pronatalist - policies designed to encourage births and accelerate population growth
Land degradation - long-term damage to the soil’s ability to support life
** \n Chapter 5**
Mobility - all types of movement from one location to another
Circulation - temporary repetitive movements that occur regularly
Emigration - movement away from a location
Immigration - movement to a location
Net Migration - difference between emigrantion and immigration
Gravity Model (as it relates to migration) - people are more drawn to places that are closer to them and have a larger population
Push factors - a negative cause that compels someone to move to a location
Pull factors - a positive cause that attracts someone to a location
Lee’s Migration Model - a model that accounts for push/pull factors and intervening obstacles in order to predict migration patterns
E. G. Ravenstein’s Laws - Laws of migration
Voluntary migration - people make the choice to move
Forced migration - people are compelled to move by economic, political, cultural, or environmental factors
Transnational migration - immigrants retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their country of origin
Internal migration - movement within a country's borders
Migration transition theory - The change in migration patterns within a society caused by industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. A critical factor in all forms of migration is mobility—the ability to move either permanently or temporarily.
Friction of distance - traveling longer distances requires more effort, energy, time, and resources
Transhumance - nomads move herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer and lower elevations during the winter
Chain migration - people move to a location because others from their community already did
Step migration - a series of smaller moves to get to an ultimate destination
Diaspora - the dispersion of people from their homeland
Intervening obstacles - an occurance that holds immigrants back
Intervening opportunity - an occurence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice
Guest workers - migrants who travel to a country as temporary laborers
Circular migration - when migrant workers move back and forth between countries
Refugees - people forced to leave their country for fear of persuction or death
Asylum - the right to protection in a new country
Internally displaced persons - people forced to flee their homes but stay in their country’s borders
Human trafficking - the recruitement, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means
Repatriate - to return to a person’s home country
Interregional migration - movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional migration - movement within one region of the country
Quotas - limits one the number of immigrants allowed into a country each year
Kinship links - networks of relatives and friends
Skills gap - a shortage of people trained in a particular industry
Remittances - money earned by immigrants sent back to their home country
Brain drain - trained/educated people leave their home countries to find work
Relocation diffusion - when people move or relocate, they spread their ideas and culture
Models
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Stage 1 - before improvements in healthcare and industrialization
Stage 2 - increasing birth rate and decreasing death rate due to industrialization
Stage 3 - birth rate begins to decrease but population remains high
Stage 4 - decreasing birth rate and stationary population
Stage 5 - population declining and increasing elderly population ratio
Epidemiological transition model (ETM)
Stage 1:
- Infectious and parasitic diseases
- Accidents and animal attacks
- Natural checks on population
Stage 2:
- Receding pandemics
- Sanitation, nutrition, and medicine leads to low CDR
Stage 3:
- Degenerative and man-made diseases
- Heart diseases, cancer, diabetes, obesity
Stage 4:
- Delayed degenerative diseases
- Extended life expectancy due to medical advancements
Stage 5:
- Potential resurgence of infectious diseases due to globalization
Stages 1-2 = Infectious Diseases Stages 3-5 = Chronic Diseases
Lee’s Migration Model - a model that accounts for push/pull factors and intervening obstacles in order to predict migration patterns
E. G. Ravenstein’s Laws
Most migration is internal, occurring over a short distance.
- It’s easier to travel short distances (friction of distance)
- Cultural reasons, language barriers
- It’s harder to start a new life in a new country
Most long-distance migrants are male.
- Females have to take care of the family
Most long-distance migrants are unmarried/single.
- People settle down when they get married
Most long-distance migrants are young adults.
- College and studying
Most long-distance migration is economically motivated.
- People need money to support themselves and their families
Most long-distance migrants head to economic centers.
- More job opportunities
- Better chance of becoming wealthy
- Better wages
Migration transition theory - The change in migration patterns within a society caused by industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. A critical factor in all forms of migration is mobility—the ability to move either permanently or temporarily.
By the end of this Unit, you should BE ABLE TO…
Population
- Explain the physical environmental factors that influence where people live and why.
- Explain how dependency ratios impact economic development.
- Identify the four main population clusters around the world and the various trends contributing to these clusters. Describe the economic, political, environmental, and cultural factors that influence population growth and decline.
- Use population pyramids to describe dependency and sex ratios and relate to DTM stages.
- Describe Malthus’s theory of population growth and contrast it with the Cornucopians.
- Explain how governments try to control population growth and the results / consequences of these policies.
Migration
- Identify the push/pull factors prompting emigration/immigration from/to particular locations. (Lee’s Migration Model)
- Describe the gravity model and concepts of circulation, chain migration, and distance decay.
- Explain the effects of migration (think social, economic, political, & environmental).