APUSH Unit 4

Haitian Revolution (context of Louisiana Purchase)

despite napoleon’s attempt to try and crush the Haitian revolution

sends boat loads of French soldiers

 perpetrate horrors to try and crush the rebellion

African Americans will not return to slavery and would rather die

Africans in santo Domingo (inspired by the French Revolution) revolted and created a black republic of their own, under the remarkable leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture

Despite napoleon’s attempt to crush the insurrection and restore French authority, a yellow fever epidemic wiped out much of the French army in the New World

With plans for an American empire in doubt, Napoleon decided to focus his resources on the war in Europe

Realization of their worst fears and nightmares, slaves rose up and slit their throats, murdered them and their children

The slave owners doubled down and then began to introduce more harsh restrictive slave codes to oppose greater oppression and control over the slave population

The Louisiana Purchase

In response to the demands of westerners, Jefferson instructed Robert Livingston, the American ambassador in Paris, to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans. Livingston on his authority proposed that the French sell the United States the vast western part of Louisiana as well

Napoleon, having abandoned his plans for an American empire, accepted Livington’s proposal, Livingston and James Monroe, fearful that Napoleon might withdraw the offer, decided to proceed without waiting for further instructions from home. The agreement was signed of April 30^th, 1803

By the terms of the treaty, the United States was to pay a total of 15 million dollars to the French government in exchange for the entire Louisiana territory

Jefferson adopts a loose construction of his presidential treaty making powers, and sends the treaty to the senate for approval

When Jefferson received the treaty, he faced a Constitutional dilemma

Jefferson had always supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution, believing that the federal government could rightfully exercise only those powers explicitly granted to it by the Constitution

Nowhere did the Constitution say anything about the acquisition of new territory

Although some radical Federalists opposed ratification of the treaty out of fear that the more the West grew and the more states that joined the Union, the less power the Federalists and their region would retain.

The senate, however, expressing far less constitutional angst  that Jefferson, overwhelmingly approved the treaty

Impact of the Louisiana Purchase

To a great extent the purchase is going to pay to itself to some extent

Doubles the size of the country

Increases the nations size ( a lot of farmland )

The United States gained control of the Mississippi River and he vital port city of New Orleans

The Louisiana Purchase greatly benefitted western farmers (farmers in the Ohio Rier Valley) by securing a water route to ship their produce to a market

Established a precedent for the acquisition of foreign territory through purchase

Removed a dangerous foreign presence from the nation’s borders

Strengthened Jefferson’s hope that America would become an agrarian republic

Enabled Jefferson to fulfil his vision as such to some extent, it contributes to the idea that the election was aptly named

The greatest achievement of Jeffersons presidency

Louis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery

Jefferson sponsored the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory

The expedition accomplished the following goals:

1 it strengthened American claims to Oregon

2 it added vastly to the body of the knowledge about the geography and Indian tribes of the American northwest

3 it mapped and explored the Missouri River and the Columbia River

The Era of Good Feelings Unit 4

1815-1825

An increase in patriotism and nationalism

The presidential election of 1816 -  In the presidential election of 1816, the Republican candidate James Monroe, defeated his Federalist opponent Rufus King by an overwhelming margin (183 electoral votes to King’s 34)

The Presidential Election of 1816

-          Monroe fought in the Revolution and had served in several important diplomatic positions including being the co-purchaser of Louisiana with Jefferson and held the cabinet position of secretary state held under James Madison

-          His election in 1816 continued the Virginia dynasty of presidents

-          The Federalist party, disgraced by the disunions of the Hartford

James Monroe

-          Monroes presidency is noted for the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri Compromise (Florida Purchase Treaty) and (Adams Onice Treaty)

-          In addition, Monroe’s name is imperishably wedded to the Monroe Doctrine and Monrovia, the capital city of Liberia in Africa (Monroe had strongly backed the colonization there of ex-slaves)

“The Era of Good Feelings”

-          According to the traditional view of the period, the election of James Monroe in 1816 ushered in what a Boston newspaper characterized as an “Era of Good Feelings,” a period of peace and prosperity marked by a heightened spirit of nationalism, optimism, and political goodwill.

The Emergence of Nationalism

- The fresh nationalistic spirit that emerged in the years after the War of 1812 manifested itself in a variety of areas including

-the birth of a distinctly national literature as authors like James Fenimore Cooper (Te last of the Mohicans) and Washington Irving (A History of New York) became the nation’s first writers to use American scenes and themes

-Noah Webster, a Connecticut schoolmaster and lawyer, promoted the idea that American students should be educated as patriots, His “blue-backed speller,” a hugely influential schoolbook, popularized a simplified and Americanized system of spelling

- American painters and artists increasingly celebrated native landscapes and American motifs in their artwork

Economic Nationalism and the “American System” 1/6/2025

The rising tide of nationalism even touched the realms of finance and manufacturing

-the second bank of the US was chartered by Congress in 1816

-in addition, congress, eager to protect America’s infant industries from British competitors, enacted the Tariff of 1816m the first protective tariff in American history

To what extent is this an era of bad feelings

After the war there was an effort to further America

(Alexzander Hamilton’s idea to have a national bank and that bank faced fierce opposition from Jefferson and what would become the democratic republicans)

Democratic republicans thought that the bank only benefitted northerners and not the southerners and believed that the bank would have too much power over monetary policy

Congress has a law with a built-in expiration date and if congress wants the law to continue, they have to make a bill and then pass the law again

In 1811 under James Madison, they don’t re-charter the national banks and there were only state banks

Congress recharters the bank after Madison’s term is over

Congress is eager to protect America from foreign competition

Need protective tariffs to protect American manufacturers from the foreign manufacturers (an example of economic nationalism)

Architect of all of this: Henry Clay

Henry Clay began his long and distinguished career as one of the leading War Hawks. Following the War of 1812, Clay became the leading advocate for an economic program of nationalism called “The American System.”

Clays “American System” was a legislative program designed to promote economic and commercial growth

The system had three main parts:

1.      A strong national banking system to promote financial stability

2.      A protective tariff to shield eastern manufacturing from foreign competition

3.      A network of federally funded roads and canals called internal improvements (paid for with revenue generated by the tariff) (called internal improvements) (Called infrastructure TODAY)

The goal/purpose

To develop a vibrant American economy and new arteries of transportation to move foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West to the North and East

In exchange a stream of manufactured goods would flow from Eastern factories to the west and south which is tying the country together

Clay calls it an American system but meets a fierce political opposition (met with resistance)

Although henry clay national banking system, hat program met with resistance from Jeffersonians and Madisonians

Meets with resistance among southerners because they fear that the bank is going to benefit only the northerners

Whatever the constitution does not permit it forbids

It’s not up to the federal government to build roads and canals but rather the states

Individual states are forced to fund these things on their own

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

The uprising nationalism during the post-war of 1812 era was further reflected and reinforced by the Supreme Court

In a series of landmark rulings, the Marshall court

McCullough v. Maryland (1819)

The suit involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to impose a tax on a branch of the Bank of the United States

The Supreme Court, invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers, declared the bank constitutional

Additionally, the Court denied the right of Maryland too tax the bank with an emphatic Marshall writing for the court “that the power to tax is the power to destroy”

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

The decision ruled that a state could not pass a law to impair a legal private contract

The ruling, like the decision in Fletcher v, Peck (1810) upheld the sanctity of private contract against state encroachments, thus safeguarding business enterprise from domination by state governments

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Two competing steamboat operators that are both operating steamship ferries, one of these guys has a federal license to operate their steamship, and the other one has a license to operate his steamship but only from the state of New York, they were competing against each other for consumers.

The decision placed the regulation of interstate commerce clearly within the authority of Congress

Further asserted that national laws made in accordance with the Constitution are the “supreme law of the land,” superior to conflicting state laws

Established the commerce clause as a key mechanism for the expansion of federal power

Opened the door for national government to pursue the expansion and growth of the national economy

Judicial review, the state law struck down as an unconstitutional

The Panic of 1819 1/7/2025

Much of the goodness went out of good feelings in 1819 as a result of a paralyzing economic depression

The Panic of 1819, the first national economic panic since President Washington took office brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors’ prisons

The worst economic depression after the period over the years under the Articles of Confederation

*Crippling economic depression

The economic history of the United States is characterized by period of economic booms followed by busts

Particularly with the 1800s and instead of being called depressions they were called Panic’s

Boom bust cycles reoccur roughly every 20 years

1819 1837, 1857, 1893 BOOM BUST CYCLE

Boom - America is prospering, increase in production and commerce, hiring, economic growth, farm production, economic development, dynamic economic growth, expanding economy

Bust – trade, manufacturing, business begins to cripple

19^th century economy is like a rollercoaster

Periods of growth, and then they bust and the “bubbles burst”

The Cause

Although many factors contributed to the economic downturn, the major cause was overspeculation in frontier lands which causes a speculative bubble

Continuity – people are buying lots of frontier land and some of these buyers are small farmers that settle the land, establish a homestead/farm, and work the land. Other buyers are buying the land purely for speculative purposes (buy now so that it increases in price and sell it later). The more people that buy up that land, the price then increases and then more people start buying the land and soon what happens is that the bottom collapses in the marketplace and the demand weakens and then the price starts to fall and the “speculative bubble” bursts.

Financial paralysis from the panic, which lasted in some degree for several years, severely weakened nationalistic ardor

The West was especially hard hit by the depression because the Bank of the United States had restrained the speculative (“wildcat”) western banks by tightening credit and calling in loans, many westerns blamed the national bank for the crisis

Impact

The Panic of 1819 had important political consequences

In the eyes of the western debtor, the Bank of the United States became a detested symbol of federal power

In the fertile soil of economic hardship, the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy were sown

The Panic of 1819 also fueled mounting agitation against the inhumane practice of imprisonment for debt leading to the passage of remedial legislation in an increasing number of states

Unit 9 Content That Relates

The great recession was housing, 2008-2009 people were buying homes but not to live in them, rather they were speculating houses to sell them when the price goes up

Banks were overextending credit

The great recession hit 2008 during the last year of George W Bush

Peoples’ houses went underwater during the great recession, and they were unable to sell their houses for more than they bought it, rather it was worth less than it was before

Sectional Discord Over Slavery (The Missouri Compromise) 1/8/2025

When Washington took office, the North and South were roughly equal in wealth and population

However, with each passing decade, the North steadily outgained the South population growth

As a result, by 1819 the free states in the North had 105 representatives in the House while the slave states in the South had just 81 representatives

While the North controlled a solid majority in the House of Representatives, with the admission of Alabama to the Union as a slave state in 1819, the Senate was evenly balanced between 11 free states and 11 slave states

Because each state has two votes in the Senate regardless of population, southerners had maintained equality

As long as Southerners preserved the equilibrium of power in the Senate, the South would be in position to thwart northern attempts to interfere with the institution of slavery

Southerners therefore became increasingly committed to maintaining the sectional balance between free states and slave states

In 1819, sectional tension over the issue of slavery was ignited when the territory of Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state

The House with its majority of representatives from northern states responded by passing the Tallmadge Amendment

The Tallmadge Amendment called for a prohibition on the further introduction of slaves into Missouri. The measure also called for gradual emancipation in Missouri by freeing all children born to Missouri slaves when they reached the age of twenty-five

Although voting on the Tallmadge amendment registered sectional polarization as outrages representatives from southern state vehemently voiced their disapproval the House approved gradual emancipation

But the senate refused to accept any restriction on slavery

With the two houses deadlocked, the prospects for Missouri statehood looked bleak

Monroe, Clay and senate leaders worked to break the deadlock and focused on what is present day Maine which was part of Massachusetts since the colonial time

What Happens During the Colonial Compromise

Maine is admitted as a free state

Missouri is admitted as a slave state

They maintain a sectional balance

The Missouri Compromise Impact

By defusing the immediate political crisis over slavery, the Missouri Compromise helped to stabilize sectional competition for 34 years.

However, the divisive debate over the admission of Missouri to the Union and the resulting Missouri Compromise foreshadowed the bitter conflict over the expansion of slavery that would resurface during the 1840s and 1850s

John Quincy Adams

Maintain an equilibrium of power in the senate with an equal number of slave states

This prohibition is not rooted in abolitionist Ferber under northern lawmakers

They want the west to remain free of a slave labor system which limits oppurtunities from white settlers

Want to promote economic oppurtunities for white settlers so that they don’t have to compete with the slave labor system

The country can’t remain have slave half free

When additional territory is added to the United States it will renew

Nationalism in Foreign Affairs

Victory in the Mediterranean

When, in 1815, the Barbary pirates began to venture out to prey on U.S shipping again, President James Madison requested and got a formal declaration of war from Congress. A fleet under the command of Stephen Decatur was quickly dispatched to the Mediterranean

Administering a thorough beating to the pirates of North Africa the United States was not only able to force the release of all American prisoners, but also forced the rulers of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli to cough up large indemnities for the damage they had caused

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Because the Treaty of Ghent had failed to resolve diplomatic differences between the United States and Great Britain, the two nations continued to view one another with suspicion and hostility

For a time, Americans and British engaged in a “floating” arms race on the Great Lakes between 1815-1817

In 1817 the Rush-Bagot agreement between Britain and the United States severely limited naval armament on the great lakes

The Rush-Bagot Agreement paved the way for improved diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain. The subsequent Treaty of 1818 (or Convention of 1818)

Permitted shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland

Gained considerable territory by fixing the norther boundary of Louisan along the forty-ninth parallel from Lake of the Woods (Minnesota) to the Rocky Mountains

Provided for a joint occupation of the Oregon country without a surrender of the rights or claims of either America or Britian

Acquiring Florida

The Napoleonic Wars accelerated Spain’s decline as a great power

The weak Spanish government found it increasingly difficult to maintain control over its possessions in the Americas

With Spain increasingly focused on quashing revolts against Spanish rule in South America, American expansionists saw an oppurtunity to grab Florida

General Andrew Jackson’s aggressive military campaign into Spanish territory paved the way for the negotiation of the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819

Under the terms of the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States and abandoned all Spanish territorial claims in the Oregon Country

In exchange, the America agreed to give up United States territorial claims in Northern Mexico (Texas)

Additionally, the United States agreed to assume five million dollars in claims against Spain

Lastly, the treaty defined the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase

The Monroe Doctrine

Spain’s losses were not confined to Florida

Spain lost almost its entire New World empire between 1818 and 1822 as Chile, Peru, Columbia, and Mexico all successfully waged wars of liberation to overthrow Spanish rule

Following the defeat of Napoleon, the European powers suppressed revolutionary movements in Europe

Humiliated by the loss of its New World colonies, Spain turned to the restored monarchies of Europe for help

President Monroe and Secretary of States John  Quincy Adams feared that European powers would aid Spain in her attempt to overthrow the new Latin American republics and restore Spanish rule

The might of the British Navy was the single most important factor in deterring Spain from her attempt to stage a return to power in Latin America

The British, eager to maintain commercial access to newly emerging markets in Latin America, approached the United States with a diplomatic overture to issue a joint Anglo-American warning to the European powers not to intervene in South America

By persuading the United States into joining with Britain in support of the territorial integrity of the New World, the British and their foreign secretary George Canning hoped to limit American expansion in Latin America

Although Monroe and others seriously considered joining the British and issuing a joint Anglo-American statement, Adams argued persuasively that the United States could issue a statement on its own (without Britain as coauthor) and still count on British warships to back the measure

Such a maneuver had the advantage of warning against European intervention without placing restrictions on United States interest in the Western Hemisphere

Acting on the advice of Adams, Monroe decided on a unilateral statement in which he expressed to Congress in his annual message in 1823

The Monroe Doctrine, as it came to be known, asserted:

That “the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers”

That political system of the European powers is essentially different from that of America

That United States will regard European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere as dangerous to America’s peace and safety

That united states would not interfere in the internal affairs of European nations

Monroe’s nationalistic statement received little notice at the time in the US

European powers, especially Britain, were more than a little angered by MONROE’S WARNING

THE POWER OF THE British navy however deterred any attempts on the part of European powers to invade the Americas

Although the message did not have much contemporary significance, the Monroe Doctrine would go on the come

Th Election of 1824

The death of the Federalists left the Republican Party unchallenged at the national level

In February of 1824 a small group of congressional Republicans held a caucus where they selected William Crawford of Georgia as the presidential nominee of the Republican Party

Supporters of Andrew Jackson challenged the caucus as elitist and the undemocratic

The Tennessee state legislature promptly  nominated Jackson while the Kentucky legislature nominated Clay

Factionalism within the nation’s remaining political party further emerged with a group of New England Republicans nominating John Quincy Adams

Buoyed by his fame as a war hero, Jackson received far more popular votes and electoral votes than the other candidates

However, Jackson failed to win a majority of the electoral vote

As a result, the election was thrown to the House of Representatives where the next president was to be chosen from among the top three vote getters in accordance with the provisions of the 12^th Amendment

As a speaker of the house, Clay was in a unique position

Although he had finished fourth in the election and was thus disqualified from consideration, Clay held sway in the House and could influence the choice of the next president

Clay harbored personal animus toward Jackson who he deemed unfit for the presidency

Although Clay was not personally close to Adams, the two men were aligned politically on issues such as federal funding of internal improvements

As a result, Clay backed Adams

Clay’s influence prevailed and Adam’s was elected 6^th president in US history

The Corrupt Bargain

Upon taking office, Adams appointed Clay his secretary of state- the cabinet position that Adams and his three predecessors had held before becoming president

Jackson and his angered supporters were outraged and accused Adams and Clay of having struck a “corrupt bargain,” a secret back room deal that thwarted the will of the people by cheating Jackson out of presidency

Jackson and his followers immediately began a campaign to wrest the Presidency form Adams in 1828

6GUDI

The Transportation Revolution 1/9/2025

Canals, steamboats, and railroads revolutionized American economic and social life during the antebellum period between 1820 and 1860

Antebellum – period before the civil war, tail end of the era of good feelings

Age of reform

Second Great awakening

The Era of Jacksonian Democracy

Market Revolution

Steam Power

In 1807, Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamed up the Hudson River

Steamships carried bulky farm products far more cheaply than covered wagons

By 1840s, steamboats opened the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys to two-way traffic

(Sailboats rely on the wind this is an upgrade from this)

Turnpikes and Roads

Turnpikes such as the National Road (or Cumberland Road), which ran from Maryland to Ohio, promoted trade and communication with the Old Northwest

New roads of stone and gravel helped Americans move west

Promoting trade and communication

Knits the economy together

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS!!!

Canals

Canals strengthened commercial ties between eastern cities and western agricultural regions

The completion of New York State’s Erie Canal, which connected Lake Erie to New York City(the Hudson River), in 1825 sparked a surge in canal building throughout the United States

Opposed by the Madisonians and the Jeffersonians because it doesn’t say anything in the constitution that the government can fund internal improvements projects

Railroads

In 1828, the Baltimore and Ohio railroad line became the nation’s first railroad

By 1840, the United States had more miles of railroad track than any other country in the world

Railroads connected major cities, encouraged settlement, and reduced the cost of transporting goods

The Erie Canal

Farmers and merchants in the Old Northwest territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois) lacked efficient and inexpensive access to markets along the east coast

For example, farmers in the Ohio River Valley were forced to transport their crops along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to ship their produce to New Orleans and from there to eastern cities

Problematic because it was costly

“Clinton’s Big Ditch”

The proposal for the construction of a canal to connect the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and New York City was realized throughout the brilliant leadership of New York’s governor Dewitt Clinton

Jeffersonians refused to provide a federal funding for the massive project which was mockingly derided as “Clinton’s Big Ditch.”

Jeffersonians thought it was going to bankrupt the US Treasury

Resourceful New Yorkers went at it alone and began the project in 1817

When completed in 1825, the Erie Canal wrought nothing less than an “economic miracle”

Impact of the Erie Canal

One result of the successful completion of the canal was GREATLY REDUCED SHIPPING COSTS as the cost of shipping a ton of grain from Buffalo to New York City fell from $100 to $5, and the time of transit from about 20 days to 6

The Erie Canal strengthened commercial ties between eastern markets and manufacturing centers and western farms

New York became the nation’s busiest seaport and railroads later connected New York City to other major population centers

By the middle of the nineteenth century, New York City was America’s greatest financial and commercial center

The Market Revolution

During the Era of Good Feelings, most Americans bought goods from friends and neighbors in a local economy

The new network of roads, canals, and rail lines brought about a market revolution which enabled people to increasingly interact with producers and consumers in distant markets

The development of profitable markets led to the ride of manufacturing and the utilization of machines and interchangeable parts to mass produce standardized low-cost goods.

Utilization of machines

Interchangeable parts for the manufacture of firearms

Mass production of lower cost mass-produced products and goods

The Growth of Industry and the FACTORY SYSTEM