DA

Lecture 3-11

Anaerobic Respiration

  • Defined as a type of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

  • It is characterized by the breakdown of glucose without utilizing aerobic pathways.

  • Common in certain organisms or conditions where oxygen levels are insufficient.

  • Products may include lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the type of organism.

Bone Classification

Types of Bones

  • Long Bones: Characterized by greater length than width; examples include femurs and humeri.

  • Short Bones: Roughly equal in length and width; examples include carpals and tarsals.

  • Flat Bones: Thin and flattened bones; examples include the skull and rib cage.

  • Irregular Bones: Bones that do not fit into other categories; examples include vertebrae and some facial bones.

Naming Muscles

Muscle Naming Based on Size

  • Maximus: Indicates a large muscle.

  • Minimus: Indicates a small muscle.

  • Medius: Indicates a muscle of intermediate size.

Nerves and Their Functions

Key Nerves

  • Trigeminal Nerve: Also referred to as 'tri'; responsible for sensation and motor functions in the face.

  • Example: If asked which nerve controls the masseter muscle, the answer is "trigeminal."

Nerve Roots

  • Refers to the origin point of a nerve in the spinal cord or brainstem.

Muscle Action - Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

  • Function: Flexes and rotates the head.

  • Origin: Sternum and clavicle.

  • Insertion: Mastoid process of the temporal bone.

  • Control: Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory Nerve).

Muscle - Deltoid Nerve Control

  • Deltoid Muscle: Responsible for shoulder abduction and has the axillary nerve controlling its function.

Biceps Muscle Action

  • Primary action: Flexes the elbow joint.

  • Importance of knowing muscle grading systems for functional assessments.

Patient Positioning

  • A common position for assessment is supine, referring to lying on the back.

  • Post-procedure, potential for adhesions and recovery should be acknowledged as challenging.