Lecture 3-11

Anaerobic Respiration

• Defined as a type of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

• It is characterized by the breakdown of glucose without utilizing aerobic pathways.

• Common in certain organisms or conditions where oxygen levels are insufficient.

• Products may include lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the type of organism.

Bone Classification

Types of Bones

• Long Bones: Characterized by greater length than width; examples include femurs and humeri.

• Short Bones: Roughly equal in length and width; examples include carpals and tarsals.

• Flat Bones: Thin and flattened bones; examples include the skull and rib cage.

• Irregular Bones: Bones that do not fit into other categories; examples include vertebrae and some facial bones.

Naming Muscles

Muscle Naming Based on Size

• Maximus: Indicates a large muscle.

• Minimus: Indicates a small muscle.

• Medius: Indicates a muscle of intermediate size.

Nerves and Their Functions

Key Nerves

• Trigeminal Nerve: Also referred to as 'tri'; responsible for sensation and motor functions in the face.

• Example: If asked which nerve controls the masseter muscle, the answer is "trigeminal."

Nerve Roots

• Refers to the origin point of a nerve in the spinal cord or brainstem.

Muscle Action - Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

• Function: Flexes and rotates the head.

• Origin: Sternum and clavicle.

• Insertion: Mastoid process of the temporal bone.

• Control: Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory Nerve).

Muscle - Deltoid Nerve Control

• Deltoid Muscle: Responsible for shoulder abduction and has the axillary nerve controlling its function.

Biceps Muscle Action

• Primary action: Flexes the elbow joint.

• Importance of knowing muscle grading systems for functional assessments.

Patient Positioning

• A common position for assessment is supine, referring to lying on the back.

• Post-procedure, potential for adhesions and recovery should be acknowledged as challenging.