16

Blood continued…

Blood smears — majority that can be identified are RBC’s and only some WBC’s which are larger than RBC’s

Abnormal — tons of WBC

Could be a multitude of things: cancer, disease, infection, etc.

Types of blood cells

Red Blood Cells

(erythrocytes)

• contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen, nutrients

• shaped like concave discs

• Hemoglobin must reversibly bund O2, loading O2 in the lungs and unloading it in other parts of the body

• Anemia —

  • abnormally low amt of hemoglobin

  • OR low number of RBC’s

  • supplement iron — to ensure O2 can attach itself to the heme group

  • But, not everyone can tolerate iron as it can cause tummy troubles

White Blood Cells

• come in many shapes

  • Lymphocyte — nucleus is round occupies the whole cell

    • fight bacterial infections

  • Monocyte — kidney-shaped nucleus

    • fight in specific areas ex. brain injury occurs — all cells travel to the site of the injury

  • Eosinophil — alien eyes / 2 sausages connected

    • fighting parasitic infections

  • Basophil — smaller version

    • fighting microbial infections

  • Neutrophil — several lobes

• WBC’s are involved in immunity / fighting infections

Platelets

• responsible for blood clotting

• smallest WBC’s

• platelets travel to the damaged area

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES:

more than 1 million ppl die each year due to cardiovascular disease

Atherosclerosis

often caused by growths called plaques that develop on the inner walls of arteries due to large amounts of unhealthy cholesterol

As a result — a blood clot is more likely to become trapped in a vessel that has been narrowed by plaques

Creating a blockage of blood flow

If the coronary artery in particular is blocked — it can result in a heart attack

Coronary arteries are responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the heart

If it’s blocked — the heart will die — losing function at the very least

Stroke

the death of nervous tissue in the brain

Resulting from: rupture/aneurysm or blockage of arteries in the head

Rupture — can lead to brain damage

Blockage — may not

Causes for ruptures/blockages:

• smoking

• lack of exercise

• poor diet

• high BP

• high cholesterol level

• genetic predisposition

Act FAST

F- ace (does it look even?)

A - rm (one arm hanging down?)

S - peech (slurred speech?)

T - ime (CALL 911!)

Varicose Veins

“varix” = twisted (LATIN)

• mechanical stress

  • pregnancy — because of great impact on the body (drastic weight gain/heavy weight to carry)

  • job that requires a ton of standing

• aging

• genetic predisposition

Bulgy/twisty/bluish appearance — typically on legs

ALL blood vessels are built of similar tissues and have 3 similar layers

Why Varicose VEINS not arteries??

Arteries vs. Veins

A — very thick walls — lumen is deep inside the walls — tons of elastic fibers, so they can regain their original shape after stretching

V — much bigger — thinner wall — large lumen — very little elastic fibers, can’t return to original shape, remain stretched out/damaged — have valves on the inner walls, though valves become compromised and can no longer efficiently prevent backflow w/ age and wear and tear, which creates the bulging/swelling

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1-Breathing

• taking/inhale O2 in — getting rid of/exhale CO2

2-Transport of gases by the circ. system

3-Exchange of gases w/ body cells/tissues

Pathway of Air

1) Nostrils

2) Nasal cavity

3) pharynx (common area for digestion and respiration)

4) Larynx — “voice box”

5)Trachea — “windpipe”

• has cartilage — keeping the airway open / avoiding collapse

6) Primary bronchi (2) branching off — one R, one L

• smaller tubes — secondary bronchi

• even smaller — tertiary bronchi

• smaller bronchi

7) Bronchioles — smallest “tree” branches

8) Lungs

• made of alveoli — sac-like structures

Pulmonary arteries — deoxygenated

Pulmonary veins — oxygenated

Gas exchange across respiratory surfaces (alveoli to pulmonary capillaries) takes place by diffusion

Diaphragm = muscle that separates abdominal and thoracic cavities