AP World History Vocabulary

Paleolithic Era

• The Old Stone Age, characterized by the use of simple tools.

Neolithic Revolution

• Also known as the Agricultural Revolution.
• Refers to the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals, leading to settled communities.

Pastoralism

• A way of life based on herding domesticated animals.

Patriarchy

• A social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.

Animism

• The belief that spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural objects

Tribute

• A payment made by one state or ruler to another as a sign of submission or for protection.

Slash and Burn

• A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for planting

Deforestation

• The clearing of forests.

Specialization of Labor

• The division of work into specific tasks, leading to increased efficiency.

Desertification

• The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

Diaspora

• The dispersion of any people from their original homeland.

Caravan

• A group of traders traveling together for safety, especially across a desert.

Quetzalcoatl

• An important deity in ancient Mesoamerica, often depicted as a feathered serpent.

Lateen Sail

• A triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind.

Theocracy

• A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

Huns

• A nomadic people who migrated into Europe in the 4th century CE, contributing to the decline of the Roman Empire.

Aristocracy

• A government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families.

Dhow Ships

• Trading vessels primarily used in the Indian Ocean.

Artisan

• A skilled craftsperson.

Qanat System

• An ancient system of underground tunnels that supplied water to settlements in arid regions.

Dynasty

• A sequence of rulers from the same family.

Hellenistic

• Relating to the culture, history, or language of Greece after the death of Alexander the Great.

Pax Romana

• A period of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 BCE to 180 CE.

Polis

• A city-state in ancient Greece.

Stoicism

• A Hellenistic philosophy that emphasized virtue, reason, and living in accordance with nature.

12 Tables

• A set of laws inscribed on bronze tablets and displayed in the Roman Forum.

Corvee

• Unpaid labor required by a governing authority

Bedouin

• Nomadic Arab peoples.

Ka’aba

• A religious building in Mecca, considered the most sacred site in Islam.

Hadith

• A collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad that, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna), constitute the major source of guidance for Muslims apart from the Koran.

Caliph

• The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

Imam

• A leader of prayer in a mosque; for Shi'a Muslims, refers to the successors of Muhammad

Vizier

• A high-ranking political advisor or minister in Muslim countries.

Crusades

• A series of religious wars launched by European Christians to recover the Holy Land from Muslims.

Sikhism

• A monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of India.

Sufi

• A mystic branch of Islam that emphasizes direct personal experience with God.

Sheikh

• An Arab leader, especially of a tribe or family.

5 Pillars

• The five basic acts of worship that are central to Islam (Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj).

Shari’a

• Islamic law.

Jihad

• A struggle or striving; often refers to a holy war.

Sunni

• The largest branch of Islam; believes that the caliph should be elected.

Shi’ite

• A branch of Islam that believes that the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad.

Sultan

• A Muslim ruler, particularly the ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

Coptic

• An Egyptian Christian.

Savanna

• A grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.

Berbers

• An ethnic group indigenous to North Africa.

Bantu

• A group of people who migrated from West Africa to other parts of the continent, spreading their language and culture.

Swahili

• A language and culture that developed from the interaction of Bantu peoples and Arab traders.

Mogadishu

• A major city and port on the East African coast.

Mombasa

• A major city and port on the East African coast.

Mansa

• A ruler of the Mali Empire.

Timbuktu

• A major center of trade and learning in the Mali Empire.

Matrilineal

• A system in which descent is traced through the female line.

Pantheism

• The belief that God is everything and everywhere.

Grand Council

• A governing body in some societies, such as the Iroquois Confederacy.

Scholar Gentry

• In China, a class of officials who attained their positions through civil service examinations.

Footbinding

• A practice in China in which young girls' feet were tightly bound to prevent growth.

White Lotus

• A religious and political movement that sought to overthrow the Yuan dynasty in China.

Grand Canal

• A major waterway in China that connects the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.

Neo-Confucianism

• A revival of Confucianism that incorporated elements of Buddhism and Daoism.

Song Taizu

• The founder of the Song dynasty in China.

Hangzhou

• The capital of the Southern Song dynasty.

Jurchen

• A nomadic people who conquered northern China and established the Jin dynasty.

Ghengis Khan

• The founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.

Khanates

• The four regional Mongol empires that arose following the death of Genghis Khan.

Beijing

• The capital of the Yuan dynasty and later the Ming dynasty.

Kublai Khan

• The grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Yuan dynasty in China.

Marco Polo

• An Italian merchant traveler who visited China during the Yuan dynasty.

Pax Mongolica

• A period of peace and stability in the Mongol Empire.

Yuan Dynasty

• The Mongol dynasty in China, founded by Kublai Khan.

Song Dynasty

• A dynasty in China known for its economic growth and cultural achievements.

Tang Dynasty

• A dynasty in China known for its expansion and cultural influence.

Golden Horde

• One of the four major Mongol khanates, which ruled over Russia.

Taika Reforms

• A set of reforms in Japan that sought to centralize power and adopt Chinese institutions.

Samurai

• A warrior class in feudal Japan.

Bushido

• The code of honor and conduct for samurai in feudal Japan.

Yoritomo-Minamoto

• The founder and first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan.

Shogunate

• A military government in Japan, led by a shogun.

Daimyo

• A feudal lord in Japan.

Bakufu

• The government of the shogun in Japan.

Zen Buddhism

• A form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and intuition.

Shinto

• The native religion of Japan, which emphasizes the worship of nature spirits.

Monasticism

• A religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.

Guilds

• Associations of merchants or artisans that regulated prices and quality.

Magna Carta

• A document signed in 1215 that limited the power of the English monarch.

Common Law

• A system of law based on precedent and custom.

Holy Roman Empire

• A political entity in Central Europe that existed from the 9th to the 19th centuries.

Scholasticism

• A philosophical movement in medieval Europe that sought to reconcile faith and reason.

Vassal, Fief

• A vassal is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including a grant of land called a fief.

Manor

• A large estate, often including a village, ruled by a lord.

Serfs

• Agricultural laborers bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

Aristocracy

• A government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families.

Chivalry

• A code of conduct for knights in medieval Europe.

Heresy

• Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.

Romanesque

• An architectural style of medieval Europe, characterized by rounded arches and massive walls.

Gothic

• An architectural style of medieval Europe, characterized by pointed arches and stained glass.

Charlemagne

• The king of the Franks who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.

Aztec: Valley of Mexico

• The location where the Aztec civilization was established.

Tenochtitlan

• The capital of the Aztec Empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco.

Montezuma

• The Aztec emperor at the time of the Spanish conquest.

Chinampas

• Floating gardens used by the Aztecs for agriculture.

Pochteca

• Professional merchants in the Aztec Empire.

Cortes

• The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Inca: Andean Highlands

• The location where the Inca civilization was established.

Cuzco

• The capital of the Inca Empire.

Machu Picchu

• A city built by the Inca high in the Andes Mountains.

Terrace Farming

• A method of farming in which terraces are built into the sides of hills and mountains.

Curacas

• Local rulers in the Inca Empire.

Metallurgy

• The science and technology of metals.

Quipu

• A system of knotted strings used by the Inca to record information.

Pizarro

• The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

Caravels

• Small, highly maneuverable sailing ships developed by the Portuguese.

Conquistadors

• Spanish conquerors.

Viceroys

• Representatives of the Spanish monarch in the Americas.

Encomienda

• A Spanish labor system that granted colonists the right to demand labor from Native Americans.

Columbian Exchange

• The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and Europe.

Middle Passage

• The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

Maritime

• Relating to the sea.

De Las Casas

• A Spanish priest who advocated for the rights of Native Americans.

Prince Henry

• A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration.

Dias

• A Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope.

Da Gama

• A Portuguese explorer who sailed to India.

Malacca

• A city and strait that controlled trade between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea.

Treaty of Tordesillas

• An agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided the Americas between them.

Magellan

• A Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the world.

Joint Stock Co.

• A business owned by shareholders.

Mercantilism

• An economic system in which a country seeks to accumulate wealth by exporting more than it imports.

Commercial Revolution

• A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism

Cartier

• A French explorer who claimed Canada for France.

Absolutism

• A political system in which a ruler has absolute power.

Protestant Reformation

• A religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.

Humanism

• A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.

Indulgences

• A pardon sold by the Catholic Church to reduce one's time in purgatory.

Justification-by Faith Alone

• A Protestant belief that salvation is achieved through faith, not good works.

Predestination

• A Protestant belief that God has already determined who will be saved.

Catholic Refo.

• The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation.

Divine Right

• The idea that monarchs derive their authority from God.

Henry VIII

• King of England who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.

Loyola/Jesuits

• The founder of the Jesuit order, which played a key role in the Catholic Reformation.

Council of Trent

• A meeting of Catholic leaders that addressed the challenges of the Protestant Reformation.

James I/Charles I

• Kings of England who clashed with Parliament over issues of power and religion.

Oliver Cromwell

• The leader of the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War.

Glorious Rev.

• The overthrow of King James II of England.

English Bill of Rights

• A document that limited the power of the English monarch and protected the rights of citizens.

Scientific Rev.

• A period of rapid scientific advances that began in the 16th century.

Geo/Heliocentric

• Geocentric is the belief that the Earth is the center of the universe, while heliocentric is the belief that the Sun is the center of the universe.

Enlightenment

• An intellectual movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and human rights.

Scientific Method

• A method of inquiry that involves observation, experimentation, and analysis.

Separation of Powers

• The division of government power among different branches.

Laissez-faire

• An economic system in which the government does not interfere with the economy.

Natural Rights

• Rights inherent to all human beings, such as life, liberty, and property.

Enlightened Absol.

• A system of government in which a ruler has absolute power but uses it to promote the welfare of the people.

Wollstonecraft

• An English writer and advocate for women's rights.

Janissaries

• Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe.

Mehmet II

• The Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1453.

Suleyman I

• The Ottoman sultan during the empire's golden age.

Grand Wazir

• The chief minister of the Ottoman Empire.

Jizya

• A tax on non-Muslims in Muslim-ruled territories.

Red Fort

• A historic fort in Delhi, India, that served as the main residence of the Mughal emperors.

Taj Mahal

• A mausoleum in Agra, India, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife.

Akbar Style

• An artistic style that developed during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar.

Harem

• The separate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants.

Zamindars

• Landlords in the Mughal Empire who collected taxes from peasants.

Devshirme

• The Ottoman practice of taking Christian boys from conquered territories and converting them to Islam to serve in the military or government.

Manchus

• The people who established the Qing dynasty in China.

Zhenghe

• A Chinese admiral who led voyages of exploration in the 15th century.

Banners

• Military units in the Qing dynasty.

Dyarchy

• A system of government in which power is shared between two rulers or groups.

Macao/Canton

• Ports in China that were open to foreign trade.

Ronin

• Samurai without a lord in feudal Japan.

Kabuki

• A form of traditional Japanese drama with highly stylized song, mime, and dance.

Ricci

• An Italian Jesuit missionary who introduced Western knowledge to China.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

• The founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan.

Francis Xavier

• A Spanish Jesuit missionary who introduced Christianity to Japan.

Daimyo

• A feudal lord in Japan.

Cottage Industry

• A business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home.

Factory System

• A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor.

Proletariat

• The working class.

Socialism

• A political and economic theory advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.

Trade Unions

• Organizations of workers that seek to improve wages and working conditions.

Marxism

• A political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx that emphasizes class struggle.

Class Struggle

• The conflict between different social classes.

Proletariat

• The working class.

Communist Manifesto

• A political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that outlines the principles of communism.

Romanticism

• A movement in art and literature that emphasized emotion, imagination, and individualism.

Realism

• A movement in art and literature that sought to depict life as it is.

Louis Pasteur

• A French chemist and biologist who made important discoveries about the causes and prevention of disease.

Charles Darwin

• A British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Charles Dickens

• An English writer who depicted the social problems of the Industrial Revolution.

Mass-Soc.

• Refers to the social changes that occurred as a result of industrialization and urbanization.

Suffragists

• People who campaigned for women's right to vote.

Natural-Selection

• The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more than those less adapted to their environment.

Social Darwinism

• The application of Darwin's theory of evolution to human society.

Imperialism

• A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Indirect Rule

• A system of colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their authority.

Direct Rule

• A system of colonial government in which the colonizing power controls all aspects of government.

Assimilation

• The process by which a minority group adopts the culture of the dominant group.

Association

• A policy of colonial rule that emphasized cooperation with local elites.

Raj

• British rule in India.

Suez Canal

• A canal that connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Zanzibar

• An island off the coast of East Africa that was an important center of trade.

David Livingstone

• A Scottish missionary and explorer who traveled extensively in Africa.

Boers

• Dutch settlers in South Africa.

Zulu

• A South African ethnic group that resisted British rule.

“White Man’s Burden”

• The belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize non-European peoples.

Scramble for Africa

• The competition among European powers to colonize Africa.

Berlin Conference

• A meeting of European powers to divide Africa among themselves.

Cecil Rhodes

• A British businessman and politician who played a major role in the colonization of Africa.

Lin Zexu

• A Chinese official who tried to stop the opium trade.

Opium War

• A war between Britain and China over the opium trade.

Treaty of Tianjin

• A treaty that ended the Second Opium War.

Hong Kong

• A former British colony in China.

Taiping Rebel.

• A rebellion in China led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the brother of Jesus.

Sino-Japanese War

• A war between China and Japan over Korea.

100 Days Reform

• A series of reforms in China that sought to modernize the country.

Open Door Policy

• A policy that allowed all countries to trade with China on equal terms.

Boxer Rebel.

• A rebellion in China against foreign influence.

Sun Yat Sen

• A Chinese revolutionary who played a key role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty.

Matthew Perry

• A US naval officer who opened Japan to trade with the West.

Meiji Restoration

• A period of modernization and westernization in Japan.

Meiji Constitution

• The constitution of Japan that was adopted during the Meiji Restoration.

Zaibatsu

• Large industrial conglomerates in Japan.

Russo-Japanese War

• A war between Russia and Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

Conscription

• Compulsory military service.

Militarism

• The belief that a country should maintain a strong military.

Trench Warfare

• A type of warfare in which soldiers fight from trenches.

Total War

• A war in which all of a country's resources are devoted to the war effort.

War Guilt Clause

• A clause in the Treaty of Versailles that blamed Germany for World War I.

Reparations

• Payments made by a defeated country to compensate for war damages.

Mandates

• Territories that were administered by a country on behalf of the League of Nations.

Archduke-Ferdinand

• The Archduke of Austria whose assassination sparked World War I.

“Blank-Check” Theory

• Germany's offer of unconditional support to Austria-Hungary before World War I.

Schlieffen Plan

• Germany's plan to invade France through Belgium.

TE Lawrence

• A British officer who helped lead the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.

Lusitania

• A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German submarine.

Clemenceau

• The Prime Minister of France during World War I.

Lloyd George

• The Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War I.

14 Points

• A set of proposals made by US President Woodrow Wilson for the end of World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

• The treaty that ended World War I.

League of Nations

• An international organization created after World War I to promote peace.

Triple-Alliance

• An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before World War I.

Triple-Entente

• An alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia before World War I.

Great-Depression

• A severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929.

Totalitarianism

• A political system in which the state has total control over all aspects of life.

Fascism

• A political ideology that emphasizes nationalism, authoritarianism, and militarism.

Mein Kampf

• An autobiographical manifesto by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, published in 1925.

National Socialist-German Worker’s-Party

• The political party led by Adolf Hitler.

Lebensraum

• The territory that Nazi Germany believed was necessary for its survival and expansion.

Collectivization

• The process of consolidating small private farms into large collective farms.

5 Year Plans

• A series of economic plans implemented by the Soviet Union.

Kristallnacht

• A night of violence against Jews in Nazi Germany.

Anschluss

• The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany.

Munich Pact

• An agreement between Britain, France, Germany, and Italy that allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland.

Appeasement

• The policy of giving in to an aggressor to avoid war.

Non-Aggression-Pact

• A treaty between Germany and the USSR agreeing not to attack each other.

Spanish Civil War

• A war between the Republicans and the Nationalists in Spain.

Greater East Asia-Co-Prosperity-Sphere

• A concept propagated during the Shōwa era by the Empire of Japan.

Manchuria

• A region in northeastern China that was invaded by Japan in 1931.

Blitzkrieg

• A German military tactic involving rapid and coordinated attacks.

SS

• A paramilitary organization in Nazi Germany.

Final Solution

• The Nazi plan to exterminate the Jews.

Vichy France

• The government of France that collaborated with Nazi Germany.

Great Purge

• A series of political repressions and persecutions in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin.

Unconditional-Surrender

• A surrender in which no guarantees are given to the surrendering party.

Little Boy/Fat Man

• The atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

VE Day & VJ Day

• The days marking the Allied victory in Europe and Japan during World War II.

Hitler

• The leader of Nazi Germany.

Mussolini

• The leader of Fascist Italy.

Tojo

• The Prime Minister of Japan during World War II.

Churchill

• The Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II.

FDR

• The President of the United States during World War II.

Eisenhower

• The Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe during World War II.

MacArthur

• A US general who commanded the Allied forces in the Pacific during World War II.

G. Marshall

• A US statesman who developed the Marshall Plan.

Dunkirk

• A city in France where Allied soldiers were evacuated during World War II.

Battle of Britain

• An air battle between Britain and Germany during World War II.

Pearl Harbor

• A US naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by Japan.

Stalingrad

• A city in Russia where a major battle was fought during World War II.

Midway

• A battle in the Pacific during World War II that was a turning point in the war.

D-Day

• The Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II.

Nuremberg Trials

• Trials held after World War II to prosecute Nazi leaders for war crimes.

Island Hopping

• A military strategy used by the US in the Pacific during World War II.

Truman Doctrine

• A policy of providing aid to countries threatened by communism.

Marshall Plan

• A US program to provide economic assistance to Europe after World War II.

Non-Aligned-Movement

• An organization of countries that did not align with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War.

NATO

• A military alliance between the US and its allies.

Warsaw Pact

• A military alliance between the USSR and its allies.

Joseph Tito

• The leader of Yugoslavia during the Cold War.

Chinese Civil War

• A war between the Communists and the Nationalists in China.

Ho Chi Minnh

• The leader of North Vietnam.

Dien Bien Phu

• A battle in Vietnam that led to the end of French rule.

Containment

• A policy of preventing the spread of communism.

Domino Theory

• The belief that if one country fell to communism, other countries would follow.

M.A.D.

• Mutual Assured Destruction: a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender

Cuban Missile-Crisia

• A crisis in which the US and the USSR came close to war over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Iron Curtain

• The boundary separating the Communist countries of Eastern Europe from the West.

Berlin Wall

• A wall built by East Germany to separate East and West Berlin.

Mao Zedong

• The leader of Communist China.

Chiang Kai-Shek

• The leader of the Nationalist government in China.

38th Parallel

• The line that divides North and South Korea.

Bay of Pigs

• A failed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles.

Vietcong

• Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam.

Star Wars

• A strategic defense initiative proposed by US President Ronald Reagan to develop a space-based missile defense system.

Détente

• A period of reduced tension between the US and the USSR.

Contras

• Rebels in Nicaragua who opposed the Sandinista government.

Gorbachev

• The leader of the Soviet Union who implemented reforms such as Perestroika and Glasnost.

Perestroika

• A program of economic and political reform in the Soviet Union.

Glasnost

• A policy of openness and transparency in the Soviet Union.

Great Leap-Forward

• An economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China from 1958 to 1962.

Cultural-Revolution

• A political movement in China launched by Mao Zedong to preserve Chinese communism.

Berlin Airlift

• A military operation in which the United States and Britain airlifted food and supplies to West Berlin after the Soviet Union blockaded the city.

INC (Indian-National Congress)

• A political party in India that played a major role in the Indian independence movement.

Mohandas Gandhi

• The leader of the Indian independence movement.

Civil Disobedience

• The refusal to comply with certain laws or demands as a form of political protest.

Nehru

• The first Prime Minister of India.

Ataturk (Kemal)

• The founder of modern Turkey.

Shah of Iran

• The ruler of Iran who was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution.

Iranian Revolution

• A revolution that overthrew the Shah of Iran and established an Islamic republic.

Iran Hostage Crisis

• A crisis in which Iranian students held American diplomats hostage.

Palestine

• A region in the Middle East that is claimed by both Israelis and Palestinians.

Balfour

• A British document that declared support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Muslim Brotherho.

• An Islamist organization that seeks to establish an Islamic state.

Mau Mau

• A Kenyan independence movement.

ANC

• The African National Congress, a South African political party that fought against apartheid.

Apartheid

• A system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

Algerian-War

• A war between France and Algeria over Algerian independence.

Kenyatta

• The first President of Kenya.

Nkrumah

• The first Prime Minister of Ghana.

Pan-Africanism

• The idea that all people of African descent should unite.

F.W. De Klerk

• The President of South Africa who ended apartheid.

Mandela

• A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist.

African-Union

• An organization of African countries that promotes cooperation and development.

Nasser

• The President of Egypt who nationalized the Suez Canal.

PLO

• The Palestine Liberation Organization, which seeks to establish an independent Palestinian state.

Nation Building

• The process of creating a stable and functioning nation.

Louis XVI

• The King of France during the French Revolution.

Estates-General

• A representative assembly of the three estates of pre-revolutionary France.

Bastille

• A fortress in Paris that was stormed by revolutionaries in 1789.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

• A document that declared the rights of citizens in revolutionary France.

Jacobins

• A radical political group during the French Revolution.

Committee of Public Safety

• A committee that ruled France during the Reign of Terror.

Robespierre

• A radical leader during the French Revolution.

Nationalism

• A feeling of pride and loyalty to one's nation.

Napoleonic Code

• A code of laws established by Napoleon.

Continental System