Social studies
Patent - Document giving inventors sole rights to make and sell their products
2. Natural resource - Materials such as minerals, timber, oil, coal that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain
3. Bessemer Process-a process developed in the late 1850s that led to faster & cheaper steel production
4. Andrew Carnegle- Industrialist & humanitarian, he focused his attention on steelmaking & made a fortune through his vertical integration method.
5. Vertical Integration- ownership of the businesses involve in each step of the manufacturing process
6. Business cycle - Pattern of good and bad economic times
7. John D. Rockefeller -American Industrialist & philanthropist, he made a fortune in the oil business & used horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on oil industry.
8. Cornelius Vanderbilt- Railroad tycoon
9. J.P. Morgan- Banking / finance; bailed out the US Government during the Panic of 1873
10. Laissez-Faire- "Hands-off", govemment does not interfere with big business
11. "Survival of the Fittest"/Social Darwinism- Only the best and biggest companies survive,
12. Horizontal integration- ownership of ail businesses in a certain fields
13. Industrial Pioneer- Entrepreneur considered a leader in their industry because of positive contributions
14. Robber Baron- A business leader who became wealthy through unfair or questionable business practices
15. Monopoly-complete control over an entire supply of goods or a service in a particular market.
16. Assembly Line-a process that greatly reduced the cost of building a product, thus making cars more affordable
17. Mass production - Producing large quantities of goods which results in lower prices
18. Old immigrants- used for immigrants who arrived in the United States before the 1880s
19. New immigrants- immigrants who arrived in the United States beginning in the 1880s
20. Steerage- an area of the ship in the lower levels where cramped quarters were provided for people who could only afford a cheap passage
21.Tenements- poorly built, overcrowded apartment buildings
22.Sweatshops- workplaces with long hours of labor in hot & unhealthy working conditions
23, Chinese Exclusion Act-banned Chinese people from entering the United States for ten years, starting in 1882.
24. Push factor-reasons that cause people to move from one country to another
25. Pull factor- reasons that attract people to a new country
26. Assimilation-process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group
27. Ellis Island- immigrants from Europe came through this entry port
28. Angel Island-immigrants arriving from Asia were brought to this port
Nativist – A person who wanted to limit immigration and protect the interests of people born in the United States.
Communism – An economic and political system where all property is owned by the government and wealth is shared equally among citizens.
Capitalism – An economic system where private individuals or businesses own property and operate for profit.
Emma Lazarus’ Poem – A poem titled “The New Colossus” written on the Statue of Liberty that welcomes immigrants to America.
America’s Description vs. Reality – America was described as a land of freedom and opportunity, but many immigrants faced discrimination, poverty, and poor living and working conditions.
Union – A group of workers organized to protect their rights and improve wages and working conditions.
Pullman Strike – A major 1894 strike by railroad workers protesting wage cuts; the U.S. government sent troops to end it.
Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion – An uprising in 1794 where farmers protested a whiskey tax; President Washington sent federal troops to stop it, proving the new government’s authority.
Political Cartoons – Drawings that criticized powerful business leaders like Rockefeller and opposed laissez-fairepolicies, showing that the government should regulate big business.