Week 7: Video Lesson: Learning

Video Lesson: Learning

• Habituation

  • refers to the process of becoming less responsive to a repeated stimulus over time. It is a form of non-associative learning, meaning that it does not involve forming associations between stimuli.

• Behaviorism

  • a learning theory, emphasizes that learning occurs through observable behaviors and interactions with the environment, focusing on stimulus-response relationships and shaping behavior through reinforcement and punishment

• Dis habituation

  • is a psychological phenomenon where a previously habituated response (reduced or ceased reaction to a stimulus) is restored or enhanced after the introduction of a new or different stimulus.

• Classical Conditioning

  • Is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to an automatic, conditioned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

• Conditioned Stimulus

  • Key component of classical conditioning, a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus

• Discrimination

  • the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli.

• Extinction

  • Extinction refers to the weakening or disappearance of a learned behavior when the reinforcing consequences that previously maintained it are withheld, a crucial concept in both classical and operant conditioning.

• Second Order Conditioning

  • also known as higher-order conditioning, occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus (CS1) becomes associated with a new stimulus (CS2), leading to a conditioned response (CR) to the CS2 without direct pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

• Stimulus Generalization

  • Similar enough stimuli will elicit the conditioned Response

• Spontaneous Recovery

  • Is a phenomenon in classical conditioning where a conditioned response, which was previously extinguished, reappears without any additional training

• Operant Conditioning

  • is a learning process that uses rewards and punishments to change behavior. It's also known as instrumental conditioning or Skinnerian conditioning. 

• Thorndike’s Law Of Effect

  • states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unsatisfying consequences are less likely to occur again. 

• Fixed Ratio Schedules

  • a response is reinforced after a specific, predetermined number of responses are made, leading to a high, steady rate of responding with a short pause after reinforcement

• Variable Ratio Schedules

  • a variable ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to high and sustained rates of responding due to the uncertainty of reinforcement

• Fixed Ratio Schedules

  • a response is reinforced after a specific, predetermined number of responses are made, leading to a high, steady rate of responding with a short pause after reinforcement.

• Cognitivism

  • believe that humans learn from thinking. They believe that we learn from our experiences and that we can change our behaviors based on new information. Knowledge is considered an internal process rather than a product

• Constructivism

  • a learning theory emphasizing that individuals actively construct their own knowledge and understanding through experiences and interactions, rather than passively receiving information.

• Humanism

  • proposes that knowledge and feelings go hand-in-hand in the learning process. Our emotions impact what, when and how we learn and should not be separated. As such, learning activities need to focus on both the learner's intellect and feelings, not one or the other.