CH: 11-12 Jeffersonian America and an Era of Good Feelings, 1800-1824

Political Party Differences
- How did political parties differ over issues such as:
- The economy
- The powers of the federal government
- Relations with Europe during the early nineteenth century?
Supreme Court's Role
- How did the Supreme Court assert itself as a dominant political force?
- How did its decisions often expand the powers of the federal government?
Western Territory Control
- How did the United States seek to gain control of western territory after 1800?
National Economy Unification
- How did plans to unify the national economy generate debates over political policies during the early 1800s?
Slavery as a Controversy
- Why did slavery emerge as a contentious issue during these years?

Opportunities from the Haitian Revolution
- Offered the U.S. a chance to become a continental power.
Louisiana Purchase
- Thomas Jefferson utilized a loose interpretation of the Constitution.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Demonstrated the strategic importance of the Pacific Northwest.
John Jacob Astor's Influence
- Attempted to connect the U.S. to the broader Pacific World post-Louis and Clark expedition.
Fur Trade Interest
- The expedition renewed interest in the fur trade.

Influence of the Napoleonic Wars
- Shaped U.S. political and economic options.
Neutrality Efforts
- U.S. unsuccessfully attempted to maintain neutrality and the right to free trade.
Impressment by the Royal Navy
- Impressment of American sailors and firing upon American ships led to tensions.
Jefferson's Embargo Act
- A colossal failure that further alienated Federalists in New England.

Control of the West
- A flashpoint of controversy between the U.S. and Great Britain.
- Despite American victories over Native peoples, Canadian traders remained active on U.S. soil.
- Accusations against the British were made regarding their support of Native resistance.
- Grievances from western War Hawks combined with Eastern ones created a drive for war.

Military Setbacks
- The U.S. faced severe military setbacks in Canada, Great Lakes, and the Chesapeake.
Andrew Jackson's Victories
- Significant victories in the western theater, particularly at the Battle of New Orleans.
Treaties with Native Peoples
- Resulted in the clearance of lands for slavery's future development.
Hartford Convention
- Threats from New England Federalists to secede; their failure dramatically cost the party.

Federalist Opposition
- Federalist opposition led to the collapse of the party post-war.
Treaty of Ghent
- Ended hostilities between the U.S. and Britain, both sides returned territories, essentially ending the war in a draw.
Surge of American Nationalism
- The war guaranteed independence from Britain and uplifted national sentiment.
Andrew Jackson's Rise
- Emerged as a national hero following the war.

Henry Clay's American System
- Aimed to grow the American economy through:
- Strengthening the national banking system
- Implementing protective tariffs
- Investing in internal improvements
Panic of 1819
- Exposed flaws in the banking system leading to financial losses, notably in the Old Southwest.
Anti-Banking Sentiment
- Coincided with Jacksonian strength in future years.
Missouri Compromise
- Highlighted slavery as an explosive political issue.

Expansion of Supreme Court Powers
- The Supreme Court significantly expanded its powers during the early 1800s, enhancing federal authority.
Marbury v. Madison (1801)
- Established judicial review.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
- Declared the Bank of the United States constitutional; endorsed the principle of implied powers via the “necessary and proper” clause.
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
- Asserted the Supreme Court's ability to review state rulings on federal issues.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
- Upheld federal authority over interstate commerce.

Anglo-American Convention of 1818
- Normalized U.S.-British relations.
Aggressive American Actions
- Resulted from Spanish vulnerability in the Southeast.
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
- Aimed at addressing Latin American independence movements and concerns over Andrew Jackson.
Russian Expansion Threats
- Threatened American trading interests in the Pacific.
Monroe Doctrine
- Sought to prevent European colonization and political intervention in the Americas; principles defining U.S. foreign policy for much of the nineteenth century.

Supreme Court Role
- Established judiciary's primacy in interpreting the Constitution (referenced in Chapter 11).
Regional vs. National Interests
- Regional interests often prevailed over national concerns related to slavery and economic policies (chapters 11-12).
Political Party Debates
- Continued discussions over tariff, federal government powers, and relations with Europe (chapter 11).
U.S. Influence in North America
- Efforts post-Louisiana Purchase included exploration, military actions, and diplomatic efforts (chapters 11-12).
Judiciary’s Role
- Supreme Court decisions underscored federal laws' precedence over state laws (chapters 11-12).
Infrastructure Development
- Supported the building of roads, canals, and railroads to create regional interdependence (chapter 12).
Economic Policies Debate
- Plans like the American System led to debate over benefits to agriculture versus industry (chapter 12).