Cells, Tissues, and Skeletal system

Basics of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology

• Overview of anatomy and physiology focusing on cells, tissues, skeleton, and muscles.

Anatomy vs Physiology

• Anatomy: The form and structure of the animal.

• Physiology: The function of the body.

The Cell: The Basis of Life

• Cells provide structure and function for body systems.

• Cells form tissues, which form organs, which then form body systems.

• Reference to a review video on cells: Cell Function Video.

Key Components of a Cell

• Cytoskeleton: Supports organelles and plays a role in cell movement.

• Nucleus: Command center with nucleolus for ribosome production.

• Endoplasmic Reticulum:

  • Smooth: System of internal membranes.

  • Rough: Studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis.

• Mitochondrion: Extracts energy from food via oxidative metabolism.

• Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis.

• Golgi Complex: Collects, packages, and distributes molecules made in the cell.

• Other components include Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Centriole, Plasma Membrane, and proteins like Actin Filaments and Intermediate Filaments.

Cell Function

• Cells within organ systems serve different functions and divide (mitosis) to produce more cells.

• Each cell type has a specific function within the body.

Tissues

• Types of Tissues:

  • Epithelial: Covers surfaces, provides protection, and allows absorption/secretion.

  • Connective: Supports and binds other tissues (7 types including Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood).

  • Muscle: Facilitates movement (includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth).

  • Nervous: Transmits signals throughout the body.

Epithelial Tissue Types

• Simple Squamous: Single layer of flat cells.

• Cuboidal: Cube-shaped cells.

• Columnar: Column-like cells (includes Pseudostratified).

• Stratified Squamous: Multiple layers of flat cells.

Connective Tissue Types

• Adipose: Stores fat, cushioning.

• Loose Connective: Flexible and supportive.

• Dense Connective: Provides strength and support.

• Cartilage: Firm but flexible tissue without blood vessels.

• Bone: Hard tissue providing structure.

• Blood: Transports nutrients and wastes throughout the body.

Skeletal System

• Provides framework and shape.

• Protects internal organs and serves as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Types and Functions of Bones

• Long Bones: Support and movement (e.g., Femur).

• Short Bones: Absorb shock in joints (e.g., Carpals).

• Flat Bones: Protect internal organs (e.g., Skull).

• Irregular Bones: Protection and muscle attachment (e.g., Vertebrae).

• Pneumatic Bones: Contain air (e.g., Sinuses).

• Sesamoid Bones: Found within tendons (e.g., Patella).

• The cells that make up the bones are called osteocytes (these are the mature cell forms).

Types of Skeletons

• Axial Skeleton: Skull, spine, ribs, sternum.

• Appendicular Skeleton: Limb bones.

Canine Skull Anatomy

• Orbital Bones: Surround the eye.

• Nasal bones- contain the sinuses

• Maxilla/Mandible: Upper/lower jaw.

• Various bone features important for identification.

Vertebral Column

• Cervical: C1-C7 (Atlas, Axis).

• Thoracic: Attaches to ribs, limited movement.

• Lumbar: Greater movement than thoracic.

• Sacrum: Fused, rigid.

• Coccygeal: Tail vertebrae.

Ribs and Sternum

• Ribs: True, false, and floating categories.

• Sternum: Attachment for ribs and muscles.

Limb Anatomy

• Forelimb: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpus, Digits.

• Hindlimb: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Digits.

• Dewclaw: Underdeveloped toe.

Muscle Types

• Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated muscles for movement (neuromuscular junction).

• Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, makes up the heart.

• Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, found in internal organs (controlled peristalsis).

Additional Resources

• Video links provided in lessons to aid understanding of complex concepts.

References

• Sirois, M. (2021). Elsevier's Veterinary Assisting Textbook, 3rd Edition.