UNIT 4

Drought –
Housebreaking – reaches record high
City Shelter Overflowing – linna varjupaikade
Truancy – põhjuseta puudumine
Local firm lays off – koondab
Unemployment – retraining schemes
Crime – harsher law, more police karmim seadus
Social isolation – establishment of clubs/organisations
Invasion of privacy – Alternative methods of fighting crime privaatsuse rikkumine
Creeping steadily upwards – tasapisi tõusev
A large minority – suur vähemus
A burden on society – koorem ühiskonnale
Supplemental on their pensions – täiendav oma pensionile
An ageing society – vananev ühiskond
The right mindset – õige mõtteviis
A huge dearth of childcare – tohutu puudus lapsehoiust
The added benefit – lisakasu
Retirement home – vanadekodu
Old age pensioner – vanaduspensionär
Generation gap – põlvkondade vahe
Senior citizen – eakas kodanik
Member of society – ühiskonnaliige
Affordable childcare – taskukohane lapsehoid
Pension scheme – pensioniskeem
Demographic time bomb – demograafiline ajapomm
Life expectancy – oodatav eluiga
Two-income family – kahe sissetulekuga pere
Probation Officer – supervises offenders who have been released on probation instead of serving time in prison.
Solicitor – is a lawyer who gives legal advice, prepares legal documents, and represents clients in lower courts.
Judge – is a legal professional who presides over a court of law.
Barrister – is a lawyer who represents clients in higher courts and specializes in courtroom advocacy.
Prosecutor – is a lawyer who represents the government in a criminal case and tries to prove the defendant's guilt.
Juror – is a member of a jury who helps decide the outcome of a case in court.
Constable – is a police officer, usually with limited authority in local law enforcement.
Justice of the Peace – is an official who handles minor legal matters, such as marriages and small claims cases.
Murder – planning and causing the death of sb
Murdering – planning and causing the death of sb
Embezzlement – stealing money from the company where you work
Jaywalking – crossing the street in the wrong place
Manslaughter – unintentionally causing sb’s death
Vandalism – destruction of public property
Kidnapping – holding sb against their will in order to gain sth
Littering – leaving rubbish in a public place
Fraud – gaining money through dishonest means
Slander – publicly lying about sb
Libel – publishing lies about sb
Mugging – robbing sb in the street
Burglary – illegally entering sb’s property
Loitering – remaining in a public place without an obvious reason
Revocation of a privilege – õiguse äravõtmine juhiluba
Prison term – vanglakaristus
Probation – tingimisi karistus
Court warning – kohtu hoiatus
Parole – ennetähtaegne vabastamine
Capital punishment – surmanuhtlus
Community service – ühiskondlik kasulik töö
Fine – rahatrahv
Break out of prison – To escape from prison illegally.
Take/make a stand on/about something – To express and maintain a firm opinion or position on an issue.
Make an arrest – To legally take someone into custody for a suspected crime.
Pay for one’s crime – To be punished for committing a crime.
Make amends for – To do something to correct a wrongdoing or compensate for harm.
Do one’s bit – To contribute or do one’s share of the work or duty.
Take the blame – To accept responsibility for a fault or mistake.
Pay a fine/penalty – To give money as punishment for breaking a law or rule.
Break/pass a law –
– Break a law: To do something illegal.
– Pass a law: To officially approve and enact a new law.
Lay down the law – To state rules or orders in a strict and authoritative way.
Serve/do time in prison – To spend a period in prison as punishment for a crime.
Serve someone with a warrant – To officially present someone with a legal document authorizing an action like an arrest or search.
Commit a crime – To carry out an act that is against the law.
Plead guilty – To officially admit in court that one has committed a crime.
Reach a verdict – To make a decision or judgment in a legal case, usually by a jury or judge.
Give evidence – To present information or testimony in court to support a case.
On the fringes of society – Living outside the mainstream or being socially excluded.
Take the law into one's own hands – To act outside legal authority, usually to punish or enforce justice personally.
Kill two birds with one stone – To accomplish two things with one action.
Throw oneself on the mercy of the court – To plead for leniency or forgiveness in a legal situation.
Bridge the generation gap – To reduce or eliminate differences between age groups.
The law of the jungle – A situation where only the strongest survive; no rules or order.
Rob Peter to pay Paul – To solve one problem by creating another, especially financially.
Make a killing on something – To earn a large profit quickly and easily.
Charity begins at home – One should take care of their own family or close ones before helping others.
Do something against one's better judgement – To do something even though one feels or knows it may not be the right decision.
Do something against somebody's wishes – To act in a way that someone else has asked you not to.
Do something against the law – To break the law; to do something illegal.
Do something against one's principles – To act in a way that goes against one's personal beliefs or values.
Do something against somebody's advice – To act contrary to the guidance or recommendation of someone else.
Race against the clock – To try to do something very quickly before a deadline or time limit.
Go against the establishment – To oppose the traditional system, authority, or ruling institutions.
Go against somebody's wishes – To act in a way that someone does not want or has advised against.
Go against one's principles – To do something that contradicts one's moral or ethical beliefs.
Go against somebody's advice – To not follow someone's recommendation or suggestion.
Win against all odds – To succeed despite extreme difficulties or a very low chance of success.
Passed over – To be ignored or not chosen for something, especially a job or promotion.
Cut in – To interrupt someone while they are speaking or to suddenly move in front of another vehicle.
Passed away – A polite or softer way to say someone has died.
Cut back – To reduce the amount of something, especially expenses or consumption.
Passed out – To faint or lose consciousness.
Pass something on – To give or transmit something to someone else, such as information, belongings, or illness.
Lad – boy
Misery – sadness
Conferred – deliberated
Articulate – eloquent
Ancient – elderly
Mandatory – obligatory
Tricky – tough
Baffling – bewildering
In fact – Actually; used to emphasize the truth or reality of a statement.
Can be done – Possible to achieve or accomplish.
Cameras with a watch list – Surveillance cameras linked to a system that recognizes and alerts authorities about individuals on a monitored or wanted list.
Uncommon – common
Inflexible – flexible
Immovable – movable
Unemotional – emotional
Displeased – pleased
Improbable – probable
Disagreeable – agreeable
Impatient – patient
Illegal – legal
Unapproachable – approachable
Readable – read
Presidential – president
Persistent – persist
Persuasive – persuade
Attractive – attract
Visual – vision
Residential – residence
Stationary – station
Effective – effect
Operation – operate
Invaluable – valuable
Beneficial – benefit
Supportive – support
Willingness – will
Movement – move
Regardless – regard
Declaration – declare
Specifically – specify
Elimination – eliminate
Discrimination – discriminate
Supporters – support
Impartial – partial
Membership – member
Led to – Caused or resulted in something happening.
Wide range of – A large variety or selection of different things.
In favor of – Supporting or approving something.
Members of the public – Ordinary people in society; general population.
Focused on – Concentrated attention or effort on something specific.
All in all – Considering everything; overall.
The main issue – The most important or central problem or topic.
Unanimously agreed – All people involved were in total agreement; no one disagreed.